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D340431	What is an interjection?	Our Free Guide Gives You A Fun Way To Teach And Learn The Basics What is an interjection? What is an interjection? An interjection is a word that shows emotion. It's not grammatically related to the rest of the sentence. Interjections are usually one to two words that come at the beginning of a sentence. They can show happiness ( y ippee ), sadness ( aww ), anger ( grr ), surprise ( holy cow ), or any other emotion. Interjections aren't grammatically related to the rest of the sentence. What does that mean, anyway? Well, it means that unlike all of the other parts of speech, the interjection does not interact with any other words in the sentence. It doesn't modify anything, and it doesn't get modified by anything. It doesn't play the role of subject or verb. It pretty much just sits in its lonely little interjection corner and expresses emotion. Geez, that sounds pretty sad... poor little guys. Diagramming sentences is a visual way to show how the words in a sentence are related to each other. Look at the diagram below. It's easy to see that interjections aren't grammatically related to the rest of the sentence because they float on lines hovering above the rest of the sentence! They're not joined to any other part of the sentence. That's a pretty good way of showing that they aren't related to any of the other words, isn't it? You can diagram more interjections here if you'd like. How do you punctuate interjections? Interjections are punctuated with an exclamation mark or a comma. Use an exclamation mark if the emotion is very strong. Wow! I won the lottery!Use a comma if the emotion is not as strong. Wow, I have a peanut butter sandwich for lunch. What is an interjection? Beware!Don't get fooled into thinking that all introductory words followed by an exclamation point or a comma are interjections. They're not!Hmm... What is an interjection? Do you remember? It is a word that shows emotion. So, if the word in question does not show emotion, it is probably not an interjection. Let's take a look. Maria! Come and see the lion!Names like this one are not interjections. They're nouns because they name people. When you say someone's name when you talk to them, it's called direct address. Names also don't fit our definition of an interjection because they don't show emotion. The tone of voice that you say them in may show emotion, but the name itself does not. Stop! The lion will eat you!Stop isn't an interjection either. It's a verb because it shows action. (It's also a complete sentence! This kind of sentence is called a command or an imperative sentence . )Although the sentence as a whole does convey a sense of urgency (Who wants to get eaten by a lion? ), the word stop isn't showing emotion. Hello! I'm Elizabeth O'Brien, and my goal is to get you jazzed about grammar. I love and value your program! I teach at an all ELL secondary school and the video/visual has been invaluable for these students! Thank you for making this possible.- Diane, Teacher If you want to teach or learn grammar the easy way, then follow a step-by-step program that clearly lays everything out for you and allows you to move at your own pace. The Get Smart program is presented in a logical sequence, so it's not an overwhelming mishmash of information. Before you know it, you'll be a grammar and sentence diagramming pro. The whole program is online, so you have instant access to these lessons and videos. It's easy and fun. You can get it at www. Grammar Revolution.com/daily-diagrams.html Keep learning and have fun!Other Helpful Lessons Grammar Bytes has a worksheet on interjections for you. I hope you liked this lesson on interjections. Thanks for being here!Our Free Guide Gives You A Fun Way To Teach And Learn The Basics v Elizabeth O'Brien is the creator of Grammar Revolution. Her lessons are guaranteed to give you more confidence in your communication skills and make you smile. :)
D1510895	A Football History: from its origin to now	Home > Sports > List > Football > Resources > History A Football History: from its origin to now There is no clear documentation stating the date and place of origination of today's most popular sport - world football. However, most historians agree that some type of a ball game has been played for at least over 3000 years. The origins of the game can be seen in games played in China, Japan, Egypt, Greece before our modern game developed in England. Here is a brief outline of some of the events that have shaped the game of soccer throughout history. A Football Timeline5000-300 B. C. There is evidence in China that military forces around 2nd and 3rd century BC (Han Dynasty) played a game, originally named "Tsu Chu", that involved kicking a leather ball stuffed with fur into a small hole. Like Soccer, no hands were permitted during the play of the game.2500 B. C There was possibly a version of a type of ball game played by young women in Egypt during the age of Baqet III, as images of this sport were depicted on his tomb, though there is not much known of this sport except that it was played with a ball.1000 B. C. The Japanese version of 'soccer' was called Kemari, a game much like modern hackysacks, played with two to twelve players, and played a larger ball stuffed with sawdust. There was also a field designated by four trees (cherry, maple, pine and willow). B. C. In ancient Greece, they played a game called Episkyros, in which two equal numbered teams would try to throw the ball over the heads of the other team. There was a white line between the teams and another white line behind each team. Teams would change the ball often until one of the team was forced behind the line at their end.50 B. C. China's Tsu Chu players and Japan's Kemari players were the first to have an "International" game of their versions of soccer, believed to have occurred roughly 50 B. C.. There is a definite date of such a game occurring in 611 A. D.600 - 1600 A. D. In Mexico & Central America the rubber ball was created, and used in a game on a recessed court 40-50 feet long shaped like a capital "I". In the middle of each wall, was a mounted stone or wooden ring and the object was to project the hard rubber ball through the ring.700s The first Football games played in Britain was between the locals of east of England, starting after a 'legendary' game that involved kicking around the severed head of a Danish prince that they had defeated in a war. These games were violent, where injury and death were not uncommon1331 Despite the violence of these celebratory games, they were still popular. This led King Edward III of England to pass laws in 1331 to stop the game1424 King James I of Scotland also passed a law banning the game1500 In Italy they played a game called " calcio " with teams of 27+ people. The game involved kicking, carrying or passing a ball across a goal line. In 1580, Giovanni Bardi published a set of rules of the game of calcio.1572 Queen Elizabeth I of England, enacted laws that could sentence a football player to jail for a week followed by penance in a church.1600 In Alaska and Canada the native Eskimos played a game called aqsaqtuk on ice, using balls stuffed with grass, caribou hair, and moss. One legend tells of two villages playing against each other with goals 10 miles apart.1605 Football became legal again in England1620 In North America, native American Indians in the original Jamestown settlement played a game called pasuckuakohowog, meaning "they gather to play ball with the foot." It was a rough game, played the beach, the field a half-mile wide with goals 1 mile apart, with as many as 1000 players at a time.1815 Eton College of England established a set of rules for the games.1820 In the USA, football was played among the Northeastern universities and colleges of Harvard, Princeton, Amherst and Brown.1848 The rules were further standardized and a new version was adopted by all the schools, college and universities, known as the Cambridge Rules.1862 The first soccer club formed anywhere outside of England was the Oneida Football Club, Boston USA.1863 October 26 of 1863, the Football Association was formed when eleven London schools and clubs came together at the Freemason's Tavern to establish a single set of rules to administer any football match that were to be played among them. On December 8 1863, Association Football and Rugby Football finally split onto two different organizations. Later in the year, the first ever soccer match was played on Barnes common at Mortlake, London on 19th December 1863 between Barnes Football Club and Richmond Football Club. The game ended in a 0-0 draw.1869 The Football Association rules were further amended to exclude any handling of the ball.1872 The first official international football match was played, between the national teams of Scotland and England, played in Glasgow Scotland. The game was played on 30 November 1872, and finished with a 0-0 draw.1883 The four British associations agreed on a uniform code and formed the International Football Association Board.1885 The first international match played by teams outside of Great Britain was between USA and Canada, played in Newark and ended with Canada winning 1-0.1888 Introduction of the penalty kick.1900 Soccer played at the Olympic Games for the first time1904 Establishment of FIFA by delegates from France, Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland at a meeting in Paris on the 21st of May.1930 In 1930, The Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) held soccer's first World Cup tournament in Montevideo, Uruguay, with 13 teams.1932 Soccer was taken off the program for the Olympic Games in Los Angeles, due to a controversy between FIFA and the IOC over the definition of amateur and the reluctance of many strong soccer countries to travel the US because of the expense involved.1991 The inaugural Women's World Cup in 1991 in China was won by the United States1996 The American women's team won the first-ever women's soccer event at the Olympics. Share: Facebook Twitter Google+Related Pages History of the FIFA World Cup History of Sports List of winners of football players of the year Sorry, the browser you are using is not currently supported. Disqus actively supports the following browsers: Firefox Chrome Internet Explorer 11+Safaricolby • 4 years agoso who invented soccer? JJEshelman • 4 years ago Well like it says we don't know but you could say Britain didcindy • 4 years agowell i think china did but it just had a different name for it and the rules just changed a bitbob • 2 years ago NAH THEY DIDNT BROPromise Udoh • 11 months agoit was china. Greece, Rome, and Central America claimed to have invented soccer. While England transitioned soccer into what it is today. Don • 1 year ago Tsu chu, is what the Chinese called it. They are believed to have been the first to play the game we now call soccer/football. But many others lay claim to be the first as well. Including Japan and Greece. The first legendary football game played in England was done so using the severed head of a Danish Prince!kristen • 4 years agothis was a really great help to me, whoever made this, thanks alot ;)Gisselle Barcenas • 4 years agoi need help i have no clue who changed the soccer rules but thanx to who ever wrote this i know found the answer:)himomma • 4 years agovery helpful but who invented soccerconnor • 1 year agoit was china that first invented soccer or in other countries, futball. england then took over Nyan Cat • 3 years ago Thanks A lot!!!!!!! Im a 12 year old who was stuck with having to do a timeline about soccer history Jason • 2 years ago Me toograce • 4 years agoi have been looking EVERYWHERE on the internet and i never found anything as good as this was help wise! thanks a ton!Ezra • 3 years ago I feel bad for the person who said they were stuck with writing about this because they don't get to write about something they love or feel inspired by. I personally I choose to write about soccer because I enjoy this sport and I have to write a essay (in which I am vary excited to write) about it then present it to a group of people and although there are some interesting facts on this website none of then helped me in the slightest bit (besides my own enjoy ment) I would probably suggest more recent facts and a bigger description of what happens Someone • 11 months ago IKR I LOVE SOCCERCrystal • 11 months agosame.me • 11 months agoso are you saying that the information stated in the timelineis not valid?? I need dates... Nick • 3 years ago This website is awsome!Someone • 11 months ago Awesome*Awesome Kid • 3 years ago This was amazing finished my report thanks to whoever wrote this Freckles • 4 years ago This has helped me alot!! Thanks! But who invented soccer? Mickey • 4 years ago This has helped me HEAPS thx who ever created this thx heaps Brittania • 4 years ago This was very helpful! Thank you soooooo much.rsiburt • 4 years ago This is interesting. Thank you. Toodles Boatski • 6 days ago When, how and why did Offside come into existence?anthony • 9 months ago Which country was the first to play soccer? Grayson Hensley • 1 year ago WHO REALLY INVENTED SOCCER!! !The Legend • 1 year ago Britain invented soccer. Anabel • 1 year agowho invented soccer Matthew • 1 year agowell china did invent soccer in 1860's Annomynus • 1 year agowho wrote this? Rob • 1 year agosee the author info link at the base of the page http://www.topendsports.com... you may also need to check out 'how to cite': http://www.topendsports.com... Marco Valdez • 2 years agothanks a lot this help with my soccer project Ezra • 3 years ago I feel bad for the person who said they were stuck with writing about this because they don't get to write about something they love or feel I stopped by. I personally I choose to write about soccer because I enjoy this sport and I have to write a essay (in which I am vary excited to write) about it then present it to a group of people and although there are some interesting facts on this website none of then helped me in the slightest bit (besides my own enjoy ment) I would probably suggest more recent facts and a bigger description of what happenedchum chum • 3 years agono England started but Britain continued it more then England.up in the A. M • 11 months ago Umm... isn't England the same as Britain? I mean, same country?mac • 3 years agoso who really invented soccercassie valmond • 3 years ago Who invented football in 2500 bc Spike it • 3 years ago Where did the word "soccer"come from. Why not call it football like they do in the rest of the world Rob • 3 years ago The term soccer comes from the proper name for the sport, As SOCiation football. Ann C • 3 years ago Has a goalie ever thrown or kicked the ball the length of the field and scored? Rob • 3 years ago It has been done before, but I don't think it has ever happened at the World Cupme • 11 months agoso is the timeline honestly viable ACM • 11 months ago I have and I'm just a kid so I imagine pro goalies have done it too. Roger • 2 years ago Yes, Pat Jennings scored for Tottenham at Old Trafford in the sixtiesmakenna • 2 years agothis is terrible, i want who invented soccer without all of this other stuff poping upskully • 3 years agowow 5000-300 bc that is a long time ago Someone • 11 months agoof course it was... Isaiah • 1 year ago Hello! This cite is really helpful do you know what was the first soccer team ever created and who invented soccer? Follow Us Soccer Menu Soccer Index Fitness Coaching Nutrition Physics Medicine History Profiles Resources Equipment Soccer Resources
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D3026391	Gold (color)	This box shows the color gold. A gold nugget Gold or golden is a yellowish orange color, that is a bit like the color of the metal gold. Although it is considered a color, it is actually not a color. The web color gold (shown at right) is sometimes referred to as golden in order to distinguish it from the element gold. The use of gold as a color term in traditional usage is more often applied to the color "gold (metallic)" (shown below). The first recorded use of golden as a color name in English was in the year 1300 to refer to the element gold and in 1423 to refer to blonde hair. [1]Contents [ hide ]1 Meaning of gold2 Tones of golden color comparison chart3 Related pages4 References Meaning of gold [ change \| change source]Gold represents wealth because the metal gold is valuable. Gold represents accomplishment, as when an athlete wins a Gold Medal at the Olympics or when a musician makes a Gold Record (a record that sells at least 1,000,000 copies). Tones of golden color comparison chart [ change \| change source]Old Lace (web color) (Hex: #FDF5E6) (RGB: 253, 245, 230)Linen (web color) (Hex: #FAF0E6) (RGB: 250, 240, 230)Cornsilk (web color) (Hex: #FFF8DC) (RGB: 255, 248, 220)Beige (web color) (Hex: #F5F5DC) (RGB: 245, 245, 220)Lacy Omelette (web color) (Hex: #FF56GD) (RGB: 243, 123, 531)Lemon Chiffon (web color) (Hex: #FFFACD) (RGB: 255, 250, 205Blond (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #FAF0BE) (RGB: 250, 240, 190)Pale Goldenrod (web color) (Hex: #EEE8AA) (RGB: 238, 232, 170)Wheat (web color) (Hex: #F5DEB3) (RGB: 245, 222, 179)Light Candlelight (Candlelight Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #FEEF61) (RGB: 254, 239, 97)Maize (Corn) (www.99colors.net) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #FBEC5D) (RGB: 251, 236, 93)Lemon Peel (Hex: #FDE910) (RGB: 253, 233, 16)Jasmine (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #F8DE7E) (RGB: 248, 222, 126)Jonquil (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #FADA5E) (RGB: 250, 218, 94)Dandelion (Crayola) (Hex: #FED85D) (RGB: 254, 216, 93)Mustard (www.99colors.net) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #FFDB58) (RGB: 255, 219, 88)Medium Goldenrod (Crayola Goldenrod) (Hex: #FCD667) (RGB: 252, 214, 103)Candlelight (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #FCD917) (RGB: 252, 217, 23)Golden Yellow (www.99colors.net) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #FFDF00) (RGB: 255, 223, 0)School Bus Yellow (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #FFD800) (RGB: 255, 216, 0)Golden (web color Gold) (Hex: #FFD700) (RGB: 255, 215, 0)Light California Gold (California Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #FFD230) (RGB: 255, 210, 48)Sunglow (Crayola) (Hex: #FFCC33) (RGB: 255, 204, 51)Tangerine Yellow (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #FFCC00) (RGB: 255, 204, 0)Saffron (www.99colors.net) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #F4C430) (RGB: 244, 196, 48)Golden Poppy (www.99colors.net) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #FCC200) (RGB: 252, 194, 0)CHEEZ WHIZ (www.99colors.net)M (aerz & Paul) (Hex: #FSDGH) (RGB: 231, 123, 1) (d Selective Yellow (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #FFBA00) (RGB: 255, 186, 0)MU Gold (University of Missouri ) (Hex: #F1B82D) (RGB: 241, 184, 45)Macaroni and Cheese (Crayola) (Hex: #FFB79B) (RGB: 255, 185, 123)Sandy Brown (web color) (Hex: #F4A460) (RGB: 244, 164, 96)Desert Sand (Crayola) (Hex: #EDC9AF) (RGB: 237, 201, 175)Pale Gold (Gold (Crayola)) (Hex: #E6BE8A) (RGB: 230, 190, 138)Light Buddha Gold (Buddha Gold Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #E4D430) (RGB: 228, 212, 48)Inca Gold (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #E3A857) (RGB: 227, 168, 87)Bright California Gold (California (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #FE9D04) (RGB: 254, 157, 4)Earth Yellow (U. S. Army Camouflage color)) (Hex: #E1A95F) (RGB: 225, 169, 95)Brass (Per Bang.dk) (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #C3A368) (RGB: 195, 163, 104)Aztec Gold (Crayola Silver Swirls) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #C39953) (RGB: 195, 153, 83)California Gold (S. F. 49ers 1990s color) (49ers) (Hex: #A98F64) (RGB: 169, 143, 100)Vegas Gold (Per Bang.dk) (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #C5B356) (RGB: 197, 179, 88)Old Gold (Per Bang.dk) (www.99colors.net) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #CFB53B) (RGB: 207, 181, 59)Gold (metallic) (ISCC-NBS) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #D4AF37) (RGB: 212, 175, 55)Goldenrod (web color) (Hex: #DAA520) (RGB: 218, 165, 32)Satin Sheen Gold (Per Bang.dk) (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #CBA135) (RGB: 203, 161, 53)Buddha Gold (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #C1A004) (RGB: 193, 160, 4)Cal Poly Pomona Gold (CPP) (Hex: #C6930A) (RGB: 198, 147, 10)UC Gold (University of California) (Hex: #B78727) (RGB: 183, 135, 39)Peru (web color) (Hex: #CD853F) (RGB: 205, 133, 63)Rose Gold (Hex: #B76E79) (RGB: 183, 110, 121)Burnt Sienna (Per Bang.dk) (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #E97451) (RGB: 233, 16, 81)Ochre (Per Bang.dk) (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #CC7722) (RGB: 204, 119, 34)Pirate Gold (Resene color list) (Hex: #BA7827) (RGB: 186, 120, 42)Dark Goldenrod (web color) (Hex: #b8860B) (RGB: 184, 134, 11)Metallic Sunburst (Crayola Metallic FX-2001) (Hex: #9C7C3B) (RGB: 156, 114, 56)Gold Fusion (Crayola Metallic FX-2001) (Hex: #85754E) (RGB: 133, 117, 78)Sandy Taupe (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #967117) (RGB: 150, 113, 23)Golden Brown (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #996515) (RGB: 153, 101, 21)Raw Umber (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #734A12) (RGB: 115, 74, 18)Related pages [ change \| change source]List of colors References [ change \| change source]↑ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 Mc Graw-Hill Page 195 [ hide]view talk edit Web colors ( list)White silver grey black navy blue cerulean sky blue turquoise blue-green azure teal cyan green lime chartreuseolive yellow gold amber orange brown orange-red red maroon rose red-violet pink magenta purple blue-violet indigoviolet peach apricot ochre plum
D3459749		Sweet HARTSweet HART provides door-to-door transportation service for seniors or people with disabilities. Find out more >>Commuter Shuttles. Take a detour from traffic congestion. Take a shuttle to the the Metro North train. Find out more >>Bikes on Board Take a ride with us. Find out how. YOUR BUS RIDE IS AT RISKYOUR voice matters!Find out how YOU can help>Half-Fare for Seniors Seniors are eligible for half-fare on City Bus. Find out more>Connections HARTransit buses connect with Norwalk Transit and Metro North. Find out how you can connect>
D319128	Wave Speed	Physics Waves Wave Speed Wave Speed A wave is defined as a disturbance which is moved medium; for example, the wave of the ocean moves in medium water and we can see the movement of wave crest from one side to the other side in a given time period. The motion of objects is described in terms of speed which shows the fastness of the object. Speed is the covered distance per units of time. The general mathematical formula of speed is distance divided by time; for example, if a crest of wave is covered distance of 30 meter in 10 sec then the sped of wave is 3 m per sec but if other crest covered 35 meter in 10sec then its speed is 3.5 m/s. Thus, we can see that fast wave is covered long distance in the same time period. We know that frequency of wave is the number count of waves in the gives point of time. It also affects the speed of wave. Let’s discuss wave speed examples and how frequency can affects the speed of wave. As with the particle the waves too have speed. If we observe the sea waves we see that the crests and troughs travel the distance from one point of another. Sometimes, they travel faster which means that the wave reaches to the shore quickly while other time it is too slow to reach the shores. Wave Speed Definition Back to Top The wave speed is measured as the distance travelled by the crests or trough in a given time interval. The relationship is similar to the relationship of speed, distance and time in the classical physics.== speed of the wave = distance travelled by crest or trough of the wave T = time taken to travel the distance This equation is the speed of any particle according to the classical theory of physics and it is equally applicable to the waves due to their dual nature. Wave Speed Formula Back to Top As we know that the distance travelled by the wave can be obtained in terms of its wavelength and hence we can say that the distance travelled by the wave is equal to the number of wave length (?) it covers and the inverse of the time is taken to be the frequency (f) then the above equation can be rewritten as;=This equation is known as Wave Speed Formula or Wave Speed Equation. T ake an example to understand the wave speed better. You are at the peak of a mountain and you shout loudly your name facing the valley. The valley between the peak of mountains is 175 meters deep. After around 1 sec you hear your echo. Would you be able to tell the speed of the sound. The answer is 350 m/sec. I know you are surprised now that how is it possible. The answer to this question is for finding the speed of the sound waves we need to calculate total distance traveled by the sound waves before you hear back your echo. That distance is two times the distance from peak of mountain to the valley and hence the speed is 350 m/sec. Does Frequency Affect Wave Speed? Back to Top The speed of the wave is not affect by its wavelength and its frequency. Rather the speed of wave is not affected by the characteristics of the wave but by the characteristics of the medium in which it is traveling. So, the answer to an obvious question “ Does Frequency Affect Wave Speed “ is that the wave speed is not affected by the frequency of the wave. For a sound wave the denser the medium the faster the wave will travels, while the light travels at slow speed in the denser medium. Factors Affecting Wave Speed We know that each particle vibrate in a medium by itself. The phenomenon of wave is produced by the fact that each and every particle in the medium is connected to its neighbor (s) by some bond, like elastic forces. The speed of the wave through the medium is determined by a competition between two factors: The elasticity factor : In the medium with high density, the particles are bonded more closely and hence the wave travels at the faster rate in these mediums. The inertia factor : When the density is high it is very difficult to avoid the effect of inertia between the particles and hence they compromised the speed gains due to the denser medium. The speed of wave is the trade off between these two factors of the medium in which wave is traveling. For example, the equation for speed of the wave in a stretched string is:= where, = tension force = linear mass density. Electromagnetic Wave Speed Back to Top The electromagnetic waves by nature have speed equal to thespeed of the light i.e m/s. Depending upon the medium the speed may vary but the variation is very less in comparison to their high magnitude. Since the radio waves also comes in the category of the electromagnetic wave and hence Radio Wave Speed is also equivalent to the speed of light. Wave Propagation Speed Back to Top The wave propagation speed is the speed by which the wavefront of the wave passes through a medium. The wavefront is the locus of the same phase point in the wave. It is also known as Velocity factor (VF). The velocity factor has different equation for different medium. In optical fiber it is the reciprocal of the refractive index of the medium. It is also equal to the square root of the dielectric constant of the material. Velocity factor = Velocity factor = where, k = dielectric constant of the medium c = speed of light L = inductance C = capacitance There are few other types of velocities associated with the wave, namely:1. Group Velocity: It is the velocity with which the amplitude of the wave travels in the medium. It is given by the formula;=So, it can also be defined as the rate of change of the angular frequency of the wave with respect to the angular wave number of the wave.2. Phase Velocity: It is the velocity with which one of the phase of the wave travels in the medium. It is given by the formula;= = = =Where,v P = phase velocity; ? = angular frequency; k = wave number. Calculating Wave Speed Back to Top Let us find the methods by which we can calculate wave speed. Solved Examples Question 1: Calculate the velocity of a water wave if the frequency is 400 Hz, the wavelength is 6 m, and the amplitude of the wave is 3.76 cm. Solution: We know that the distance travelled by the wave in one complete cycle is 6 m and it completes 400 cycles per second, so the velocity of the wave is given by;V = 400 6V = 2400 m/sec;V = 2.4 Km/sec. Question 2: A sound wave is travelling with a speed of 343 m/s, calculate its frequency if the wavelength of the wave is 500m. Solution: We know that the speed of the wave is related to the frequency and wavelength as;==So,== 0.686 per sec So the frequency of the sound wave is 0.686 cycle per second which means that it is covering only 0.686 of its wavelength in one second. Amplitude of a Wave Wavelength Related Topics Physics Help Physics Tutor
D3239719	Sumatra	Sumatra Book a Hotel In Out Check Rates Understand Etymology History Get in By plane By boat Get around See Do Eat Masakan Padang Stay safe Sumatra (also Sumatera) is one of Indonesia 's large island and the sixth largest island in the world. Wild and rugged, Sumatra is a blend of Mother Nature extremes, blessed with natural wealth as well as proneness to natural disasters. Volcano eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, and landslides are common headline grabbers for this one of the world's richest ecosystems. But nobody can deny Sumatra's beauty from the top of majestic volcanoes to the lush of the jungles and down at sea level, where idyllic deserted beaches are scattered along the island. Visiting Sumatra can mean never ending action. It has both unique and adventurous activities, starting from the Orangutan sanctuary in Bukit Lawang ], some world-class diving sites in Pulau Weh and surfing in the wild Mentawai islands,. You can also enjoy spicy Padang cuisines, relax on the shore of Lake Toba, bag the top of Mount Kerinci of Jambi, stop by the granite beaches of Belitung, and see dolphins at Kiluan, Lampung. The land is also filled with a humungous variety of unique as well as common rainforest fauna. You can spot not only red-haired orangutans, but also all sorts of monkeys that swing on treetops, in addition to Sumatran tigers, rhinoceroses, and elephants. With almost 40 million inhabitants on this island, the varieties of cultures in Sumatra will also give you non-stop thrills. From the devout Muslims of Aceh, outspoken and friendly Batak people, matrilineal Minangkabau of Padang, sizable Chinese communities of Bangka-Belitung, to semi-primitive tribesmen of Nias; all of them, with their own distinct cultures and languages, living on one island, united by mutual respect for centuries. Regions [ edit]Sumatra is divided into ten provinces. Aceh The westernmost province of Indonesia which became world-famous overnight after the 2004 boxing-day tsunami. It is the country's most socially and religiously conservative province, and the only one to practice Islamic Sharia laws. SCUBA dive and snorkel on the island Pulau Weh in the north and Singkil on the south, relax for two or three days on the shore of tranquil Lake Laut Tawar in Takengon ( Gayo Highlands) and do a trekking trip the wild jungles on the hills of Gunung Leuser National Park through Ketambe and Kutacane . North Sumatra A dynamic province where sizable shares of Christian and Muslim populations living together in peace for centuries. Pay a visit to orangutan sanctuary in Bukit Lawang, stop at Maimun Palace in Medan, Sumatra's largest city, watch the majestic Sipiso-Piso waterfall in Berastagi, circle the Lake Toba while making a stop at Tele to watch the sunrise above the lake, and meet semi-primitive tribesmen of Nias . West Sumatra The land of Minangkabau people, very famous for their spicy cuisines. Here you can visit the historical city of Bukittinggi, amazed by magnificent scenery along Harau Valley and architectural marvels of Kelok Sembilan, relax on the shore of Lake Maninjau or cycling on the side of Lake Singkarak, surf through insanely strong waves on Mentawai, stroll around the exotic coal city of Sawahlunto as well as a visit to Pagaruyung Palace of Batusangkar . Riau Different from the rest of Sumatra that are commonly mountainous, this province is relatively flat. The overflowing oil brings in the wealth and prosperity to the whole province. Visit the largest remains of Srivijaya Empire, Muara Takus, of Kampar, visit the beautiful white-marble palace of Siak Sri Indrapura, and do a trekking trip to Tesso Nilo national park, famous of its Sumatran elephant populations. Riau Islands Parts of Riau separated from the mainland Sumatra is recognized as a distinct province. Watch the sunset over Barelang Bridge of Batam, enjoy Chinese cuisine at Tanjungpinang, visit the remains of old sultanate in Penyengat Island, while you can also take extra miles to visit the pristine water of Natuna and Anambas where you can tell all of your friends "I was there before it was discovered.". Jambi The centrally located province of Sumatra is practically unheard as a tourist destination. But do not overlook this sparsely populated province. Here you can hike to the top of Sumatra's highest peak, Mount Kerinci, while paying a visit to Kerinci-Seblat National Park, the last home of Sumatran tigers. Near the capital, lies Muaro Jambi, the largest temple compound in Sumatra, where it is easy to spend the whole day. South Sumatra The bustling and prosperous province with strong blend of Melayu culture. This province was once the central seat for the mighty Srivijayan Empire. Visit Palembang, Sumatra's second largest city, to take the picture of Jembatan Ampera at night while enjoying unique local cuisine, continue to pleasant highlands of Pagaralam and Lahat, mountainous highlands dotted with valleys and waterfalls. Bangka Belitung Separated from the Sumatra mainland, this province is very famous for the granite beaches. Swim in shallow water of amazing Tanjung Tinggi and Pantai Parai, snorkel across Tanjung Kelayang, sip a coconut, visit the old lighthouse of Lengkuas Island. For culture freaks, Manggar offers you a niche attractions of Laskar Pelangi, a widely celebrated Indonesian novel which has been translated into twenty-six languages. Bengkulu The province is isolated by Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park mountain range. It offers numerous historical attractions. Visit the Fort Marlborough, British Empire's second greatest fortress in Asia, and exile house of Soekarno, Indonesia's first president. You can also visit Bukit Kaba on the east or just cross to Enggano Island, an unspoiled island in Indian Ocean with beautiful beaches. Lampung As the southernmost province of Sumatra, people enters Sumatra from Java through this province. Plan a trekking trip to Way Kambas National Park, the home of Sumatran elephants and rhinos, head to the west where you can find unspoiled beaches of Krui. On the south, the Kiluan Bay offers you dolphin sightseeing trip as well as hike the famous Mount Krakatau on Sunda Strait. Cities [ edit]Banda Aceh, a major city in the far north, capital of Aceh. Bandar Lampung, a major city in the far south, capital of Lampung. Batam, a major city across Singapore. Bukittinggi, a pleasant city on the highlands. Bengkulu, a quiet major city with great beaches, capital of Bengkulu. Dumai, an oil city of Riau. Jambi, a major city gateway to rainforests, capital of Jambi. Lhokseumawe, another big city on the eastern part of Aceh. Medan, Sumatra's largest city, capital of North Sumatra. Meulaboh, city on the west coast of Aceh, famous for being the ground zero of tsunami. Padang, a major city on the west gateway to Mentawai and Kerinci, capital of West Sumatra. Palembang, Sumatra's second largest city, capital of South Sumatra. Pagaralam, a pleasant town on the highlands. Pangkalpinang, a major city on Bangka Island, capital of Bangka Belitung. Payakumbuh, a town on the border of West Sumatra and Riau, gateway to Harau Valley. Pekanbaru, a major city and center for oil trading, capital of Riau. Pematangsiantar, another town famous for its cuisines. Sabang (Indonesia), the westernmost city of Indonesia, on the island of Pulau Weh. Sawahlunto, an old coal town, has various remains from colonial era. Sibolga, another town, gateway to Nias. Solok, another important town in West Sumatra. Subulussalam, southernmost city of Aceh, lies on the border of North Sumatra. Sungai Penuh, city on the highlands, gateway to Kerinci Seblat National Park. Tanjungpandan, an important town on Belitung, gateway to beautiful beaches. Tanjungpinang, a major city on Bintan, capital of Riau Islands. Highlights [ edit]Beaches [ edit]Pulau Weh, island north of Sumatra with nice beaches and some of Indonesia's finest diving. Highlands [ edit]Gayo Highlands, famous for its coffee plantation Alas Highlands Karo Highlands Kerinci Highlands Rejang Highlands Pasemah Highlands, on the southern part of Sumatra Lakes [ edit]Lake Gunung Tujuh, beautiful lake on the top of the mountain. Lake Kerinci, next the town of Sungai Penuh. Lake Laut Tawar, majestic lake on Gayo Highlands. Lake Maninjau, beautiful lake on the west of Sumatra. Lake Ranau, tranquil lake on the south of Sumatra. Lake Singkarak, famous for its international bicycle race. Lake Toba, Indonesia's largest lake. Mountains [ edit]National Parks [ edit]Batang Gadis National Park Berbak National Park, swampy forest of Jambi. Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, very remote area of Sumatra, home of tigers, rhinos, and elephants. Bukit Duabelas National Park, inhabited by primitive tribe of Suku Anak Dalam. Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park Gunung Leuser National Park, orangutans at Bukit Lawang and many others, UNESCO World Heritage Site. Kerinci Seblat National Park, Sumatra highest peak, home of Sumatran tigers. Sembilang National Park Siberut National Park, protected rainforest on Mentawai Island. Tesso Nilo National Park, featuring Sumatran elephants and few Sumatran tigers. Way Kambas National Park, famous for its Sumatran elephants and rhinos. Map of Sumatra Understand [ edit]Etymology [ edit]The words 'Sumatra' is coming from a kingdom named Samudra Pasai, where Samudra itself means ocean. Sultan Alauddin Shah of Aceh, on letters written in 1602 addressed to Queen Elizabeth I of England, referred to himself as "King of Aceh and Samudra". It is believed that it was Marco Polo who corrupted the spellings of Samudra into Sumatra during his visit to this island. While in Indonesian ancient history, this island was known by more poetic name, Swarnadwipa, which means the island of gold. Arab geographers referred to the island as Lamri (Lamuri, Lambri or Ramni) in the tenth through thirteenth centuries, in reference to a kingdom near modern day Banda Aceh which was the first landfall for traders. After the introduction of Islam to the archipelago in the 13th century, the island was also called Andalas by Muslim travellers. Sumatra was the farthest east in the Muslim world so its position was in some way similar to Al-Andalus which was the farthest west, hence the name. European writers in the 19th century found that the indigenous inhabitants did not have a name for the island. History [ edit]People who spoke Austronesian languages first arrived in Sumatra around 500 BC, as part of the Austronesian expansion from Taiwan to Southeast Asia. With its location in the India-China sea trade route, several trading towns flourished, especially in the eastern coast, and were influenced by Indian religions and the Srivijaya Buddhist monarchy in particular. The Srivijayan influence waned in the 11th century and Sumatra was then subject to conquests from Javanese kingdoms. At the same time Islam made its way to Sumatra through Arabs and Indian traders in the 6th and 7th centuries. Marco Polo visited the island in 1292. The powerful Aceh Sultanate ruled from this time into the 20th century. With the coming of the Dutch, the many Sumatran princely states gradually fell under their control. Aceh, in the north, was the major obstacle, as the Dutch were involved in the long and costly Aceh War (1873–1903). Sumatra came under the control of the Dutch East Indies and became a major producer of pepper, rubber, and oil. In the early and mid-twentieth century, Sumatran academics and leaders were important figures in Indonesia's independence movements before full independence was gained in 1949. The 2004 Tsunami [ edit]The Great Sumatran fault runs the entire length of the island along its west coast. On 26 December 2004, the western coast and islands of Sumatra, particularly Aceh province, were struck by a tsunami following an Indian Ocean earthquake. More than 170,000 Indonesians were killed, primarily in Aceh. Other recent major earthquakes struck Sumatra in 2005 and 2010. Get in [ edit]Sumatra major cities are quite well-connected to the rest of Southeast Asia. By plane [ edit]Airports in Sumatra serve frequent flights to these cities outside Sumatra : Medan : Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, Yogyakarta, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Bangkok, Penang, Jeddah. Batam : Jakarta, Denpasar, Kuala Lumpur, Pontianak, Surabaya, Bandung, Balikpapan, Semarang, Yogyakarta. Pekanbaru : Jakarta, Surabaya, Yogyakarta, Bandung, Kuala Lumpur, Malacca, Singapore Palembang : Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, Yogyakarta, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Denpasar. Padang : Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur, Bandung Banda Aceh : Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur, Jeddah, Penangwhile Bengkulu, Bandar Lampung, Dumai, Sibolga, Silangit, Tanjungpinang, Tanjung Pandan, Pangkalpinang, and Jambi airports can be reached by direct flights from Jakarta. By boat [ edit]There are numerous ferry services connecting Sumatra to Malaysia as well as other Indonesian islands. The main port is Dumai in Riau, which is a visa on arrival point and has direct links to Port Klang (3 hrs), Port Dickson and Malacca (2 hrs) in Malaysia, as well as to the Indonesian island of Batam near Singapore . Get around [ edit]There are several entry points for travel in Sumatra, though the most likely for most tourists is Medan. From Medan Kualanamu Airport, travelers can either travel to the city for a day, and then begin their circuit; or take a car straight to Bukit Lawang or Lake Toba. Long distance travel in Sumatra, all across the island, is rough, even by Southeast Asian standards, and travelers may find flights to be preferable (for example, from Palembang to Padang by bus can take as long as two full days, though the flight is just over an hour. )It's possible to rent or buy motorcycles to travel on the island, and though the quality of most drivers is poor, this can be a thrilling way to see such a beautiful part of the world, particularly along the coastlines. See [ edit] [ add listing]Nature is the primary attraction of Sumatra. There are jungles, volcanoes and lakes. The importance of the rainforest can be gauged by the fact that, in 2006, 25,000 square km was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site and named The Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra. This area comprises three distinct national parks. Perhaps the most notable specific attraction is the endemic Sumatran Orangutan (smaller and rarer than the only other species of orangutan which is endemic to Borneo ). These are restricted to the northern parts of the island and perhaps the easiest place to see them is at Bukit Lawang in the Gunung Leuser National Park . Rarer still are the tiny populations of critically endangered Sumatran Tiger and Sumatran Rhinoceros. The chances of casual visitor glimpsing one of these are slim, but you never know. Lake Toba, or rather a very small part of it Also in the north, Lake Toba is the world's largest volcanic lake and a popular stop off on the backpacker trail. In a nation of active volcanoes, Mount Kerinci in Kerinci Seblat National Park, is the highest of them all at some 3,805 metres. Do [ edit] [ add listing]Trekking is an obvious attraction, with countless peaks to scale and real opportunities to get away from it all. Offshore, Sumatra has some of the best surfing anywhere on earth with the Mentawai Islands and Nias being especially notable. If scuba diving is your thing, Pulau Weh is the place to go. Deep, clear waters attract loads of fish to its protected waters. Eat [ edit] [ add listing]Strong blend between Malay and Chinese culture creates unique Sumatran delicacies. Sumatra is an excellent place to taste various local cuisines, where each province has its own characteristics. Taste spicy food at West Sumatra, foot with strong taste from Aceh, and Chinese cuisines in North Sumatra and Bangka-Belitung. Masakan Padang [ edit]Eating food in foreign land is far easier in Sumatra, thanks to Padang food ( masakan Padang ). There is no longer need of food-guessing game solely based on their alien names. The whole menu will be served on your table, you pay what you pick (fondling included). Drink [ edit] [ add listing]Stay safe [ edit]Stay healthy [ edit]The whole of Sumatra is a malaria zone and appropriate medication should be taken in advance of any visit. Drink only bottled water, and to be totally safe also use only bottled water when you brush your teeth. Get out [ edit]This article contains content from Wikipedia 's Sumatra article. View that page's revision history for the list of authors. This article is an outline and needs more content. It has a template, but there is not enough information present. Please plunge forward and help it grow!
D1945061	Make Your Home A Castle With Privacy Fencing Ideas	Make Your Home A Castle With Privacy Fencing Ideasby The Drifter on July 18, 2010Reading time: 12 – 20 minutes Privacy fencing ideas are about more than just decoration. Our home is our castle and most castles have walls. I don’t think I need to invoke Robert Frost to prove that lots of people want to make their own yard a sanctuary from the busy outside world. Privacy fences are our modern castle walls. There are lots of considerations that go into privacy fencing, some that apply to all privacy fences, some that apply only to specific types. This is a comparison of different types of privacy fences showing their relative cost per foot ($), useful life, attractiveness (on a scale from Michael Moore to Mandy Moore), do-it-yourself difficulty, maintenance, and level of privacy. Plus, I am going to recommend comprehensive how to books and show you a list of materials and tools that you will need if you want to build a privacy fence yourself. Can you even have a Privacy Fence? There may be public and private restrictions on building privacy fences on your property. Check the following sources: Zoning Laws (City or County offices) – Height restrictions, material restrictions, etc. Building Codes (City or County offices) – Planning, permit and design requirements. CC&Rs (Home Owner’s Association) – Limitations, aesthetic requirements. Digging Hotline (811) – Underground electrical, gas, sewer, etc. Planning Your Privacy Fence You may want to put privacy fencing around your whole yard, or enclose a small section. Pay attention to any sloping areas or funny angles that you want to include in the fenced portion. They may limit or alter how you go about privacy fencing your yard. Once you have an idea where your privacy fence will go, mark it out with stakes and measure it with a measuring tape to accurately calculate the overall cost of your privacy fencing. Place your privacy fence at least 6 inches inside of the actual property line. This will give you clearance to pour concrete footings that are still on your property. You can also hire a local fence contractor to plan or build any kind of fence for you. Types of Privacy Fences Chain Link Privacy Fence Price: $Life: 20-30 yrs. Attractiveness: Michael Moore for sure DIY: Moderately challenging Maintenance: Almost none Privacy: Very little Chain Link Privacy Fence Benefits Chain link privacy fences are the cheapest, easiest to maintain and longest lasting. If there is already a chain link fence in place, privacy fencing slats can be installed very simply. Chain link privacy fences are ideal for fencing large commercial or industrial properties. A chain link fence can also serve as the lattice for other plants and bushes to grow up around it, providing a very attractive privacy fence. Chain Link Privacy Fence Drawbacks Chain link privacy fences are the least attractive looking privacy fences. Even the most private slat inserts allow about 2% visibility through the fence so any voyeur who comes up to the fence will be able to peer between the slats. Chain link privacy fences only act as a minor shield to general onlookers unless the fence is covered with thick foliage. DIY Installation I can’t cover all the many variables that can arise when building a privacy fence here. Get a good reference guide to show you step by step how to install a privacy fence. Often times the manufacturer of your fencing material will provide instructions for installation. Materials Posts Gates Fittings Chain link mesh Concrete (one bag per fence post)Tools Tape measure Post-hole digger Stakes String Sledge hammer Shovel Wheelbarrow Level Ratchet tightener Pliers Screwdriver Crescent wrench A friend to help you Wood Privacy Fence Price: $$$Life: 15-20 yrs. Attractiveness: Very attractive DIY: Moderate Maintenance: Some Privacy: Very private Wood Privacy Fence Benefits Wood is the most common building material for privacy fences so there are many designs to choose from with the fewest restrictions. Types of wood that can be used range from simple fir to more exotic bamboo privacy fencing. Most contractors and DIY are also very comfortable working with wood. The level of privacy, depending on the design of the fence, can be very high. Wood privacy fences are easily adapted to a strongly contoured yard, so even if you have steep slopes you can probably install a wood fence of some kind. Wood fences are ideal for suburban and rural homes. Wood Privacy Fence Drawbacks Wood is one of the most expensive options. It also needs to be treated to avoid water or bug damage to extend its useful life. Failure to treat the wood might make it look on the Michael Moore side of attractiveness over time. Because there are natural imperfections in wood, and because the fence will decay over time, wood fences need to be regularly maintained to make sure they are as private as you want them to be. DIY – Installation A good book is still the best way to get thorough knowledge of how to install a wood privacy fence. These videos from Home Depot also show in great detail a lot about installing a wood fence. Materials Fence posts (suggested 4”X4”)Rails (suggested 2”X4”)Pickets Wood treatment product Hardware Screws or nails Concrete Gravel Tools Measuring tape Stakes String Brush, rags or sponge Shovel Post hole digger Wheel barrow Level Hammer or power drill Pencil Circular saw Vinyl Privacy Fence Price: $$Life: 20-30+ yrs. Attractiveness: variable from unattractive to Mandy Moore DIY: Moderately easy Maintenance: Almost none Privacy: Extremely private Vinyl Privacy Fence Benefits There are so many styles and costs of vinyl privacy fencing that you will likely be able to find something that you like that is within your budget and meets the needs of your privacy fence. Vinyl is also one of the most private fences because it comes in pre-manufactured sections and will have less places for gaps. Vinyl is light weight and is very easy and quick to install for DIY projects. Vinyl privacy fences are ideal for suburban yards, fencing off portions of land surrounding rural homes, and anywhere in between. Vinyl Privacy Fence Drawbacks If your yard has significant slope, prefabricated sections might leave large gaps in your privacy fence. Early vinyl fences were cheap and unattractive so vinyl privacy fences still suffer from that stigma. DIY Installation A thorough resource can help you with the many possibilities. This video from Home Depot is also very helpful for anyone who is handy. Materials Manufacturer provided fence posts Fence sections Hardware Gates Gravel Concrete (one bag per fence post)Tools Measuring tape Stakes String Shovel Post hole digger Wheel barrow Level Power screwdriver Privacy Fence: Hedges Price: $$$Life: As long as the hedge lives Attractiveness: Mandy Moore DIY: Moderately difficult Maintenance: Minimal regular maintenance Privacy: from moderate to extremely private Privacy Hedge Benefits Hedges can be very attractive looking and provide excellent privacy because there are fewer restrictions on the height of hedges than there are for the height of fences. They will probably last longer than any other artificial fence and can be combined with another kind of fence to maximize privacy and looks. In cold or windy places, privacy hedges can act as a barrier to the cold winter wind. They are great for larger suburban homes or for use on a portion of rural land. Privacy Hedge Drawbacks Hedges are somewhat limited by geography so people in drier climates may have more difficulty or more cost growing satisfactory privacy hedges. The amount of sunlight that the hedge needs and the space needed to grow must also be considered. Hedges require more lifetime maintenance with regular watering and trimming. Also, if the foliage is not thick enough, or if you do not use an evergreen plant as a privacy fence, there will be gaps. There is always a risk that one of the plants will die or be damaged, leaving a gaping hole in our privacy fence. Hedges also take several years to grow after they have been planted to reach a height and density that provides any real privacy. DIY – Installation If you have a really green thumb, you can use a professional guide to help you determine which species to choose, how to space and plant the hedges, how to irrigate, and how to trim. A landscaper will be able to professionally install the hedge for you. Materials Plants Fertilizer Tools Measuring tape Stakes Shovel String Old garden hose Utility knife Plain View Doctrine Any important privacy fencing idea is the consideration of the limit of the Constitution when building your privacy fence. If police see evidence of illegal activity on your property in pain view from outside of your privacy fence where they legitimately have the right to be then they can still enter your property. This means they can use telescopes, helicopters and get down on their hands and knees to peer under the fence to see into your property. To maintain your privacy protection from the plain view doctrine then keep your fence as free of gaps and holes as possible. Conclusion We hope you have found these privacy fencing ideas helpful. Here is a quick chart to compare all of the featured privacy fences. Enjoy the comfort and quiet that they can provide for you and your family. ABOUT THE AUTHOR: The Drifter is a California attorney. He holds a degree in Accounting from the University of Utah and a law degree from California Western School of Law. He practices civil litigation, domestic and foreign business entity formation and transactions, criminal defense and privacy law. He is a strong advocate of personal and financial freedom and civil liberties. This is merely one article of 131 by The Drifter . Get free updates and tips from How To Vanish.com: Name Email Thank you. We respect your email privacy70,996 random numbers Tagged as: build privacy fence, chain-link fencing, culture, diy, fence contractors, fences, fencing material, Fourth Amendment, hedge, identity, mandy moore, michael moore, philosophy, plain view doctrine, police searches, privacy, privacy fence slats, privacy fences, privacy fencing, privacy hedge benefits hedges, privacy hedges, vinyl fence, vinyl privacy fence, wood fences, wood privacy fence, wood privacy fences7comments Previous post: Top 8 Ways To Avoid Celebrity Stalkers Next post: Intelligence Analysis: How Dangerous Is Citizen Dataveillance
D3511932	2017 Cadillac CTS Features & Specs	2017 Cadillac CTS Features & Specs Learn more about the dimensions, specifications, trims and powertrains available for the 2017 Cadillac CTS. Compare the available and optional features to find the right 2017 Cadillac CTS that best fits your fleet needs. Configure your vehicles as needed, then contact a fleet rep for more information. Feature Comparison Capabilities Standard Standard Available Available N/A N/ARWD AWDView Differences Only2.0L Turbo CTSMSRP 1 Starting At $45,9952.0L Turbo Luxury MSRP 1 Starting At $51,695Select Model Highlights2.0L Turbo I4 engine Standard Standard3.6L V6 engine N/A N/A3.6L V6 Twin Turbo engine N/A N/AAll-Wheel Drive N/A N/ASport suspension Standard Standard Performance suspension N/A N/AMagnetic Ride Control™ N/A Available Brembo ® front brakes Standard Standard Brembo ® front performance brakes N/A N/AHigh Intensity Discharge (HID) headlamps N/A Standard Heated and ventilated front seats Available Standard Heated steering wheel Available Standard Split-folding rear seat Available Standard Memory Package Standard Standard Adaptive Remote Start Standard Standard Keyless Access with push-button start Standard Standard Luxury Package N/A N/ARear Vision Camera 1 Standard Standard Carbon Black Package N/A Available Surround Vision 1 N/A N/ARear Park Assist 1 Standard Standard Automatic Parking Assist 1 N/A N/ARear Camera Mirror 1 N/A Available Driver Awareness Package N/A Standard Driver Assist Package N/A N/AUltra View ® power sunroof Available Standard Following Distance Indicator 1 N/A Standard On Star ®1 Guidance Plan for 1 year Standard Standard On Star ® 4G LTE Standard Standard Wireless Charging Standard Standard Mechanical Exterior Interior Safety Fuel Efficiency Dimensions Warranty2.0L Turbo CTSMSRP 1 Starting At $45,9952.0L Turbo Luxury MSRP 1 Starting At $51,695Build Your Own Contact a Fleet Rep Build Your Own Contact a Fleet Rep Build Your Own Contact a Fleet Rep Undo Standard Standard Available Available N/A N/AView Differences Only Select Engine & Drive Type Select Engine & Drive Type Select Engine & Drive Type Powertrain Chassis Brakes Build Your Own Contact a Fleet Rep Build Your Own Contact a Fleet Rep Build Your Own Contact a Fleet Rep
D937326	WebVTT: The Web Video Text Tracks Format	Web VTT: The Web Video Text Tracks Format Draft Community Group Specification 10 July 2013Latest editor's draft:https://dvcs.w3.org/hg/text-tracks/raw-file/default/webvtt/webvtt.html Editors: Silvia Pfeiffer, NICTAIan Hickson, Google (previous editor)Copyright © 2011-2013 the Contributors to the Web VTT: The Web Video Text Tracks Format Specification, published by the Text Tracks Community Group under the W3C Community Contributor License Agreement (CLA) . A human-readable summary is available. Abstract This is the specification of Web VTT, the Web Video Text Tracks format. If you wish to make comments or file bugs regarding this document in a manner that is tracked by the W3C, please submit them via our public bug database. Status of This Document This specification was published by the Text Tracks Community Group . It is not a W3C Standard nor is it on the W3C Standards Track. Please note that under the W3C Community Contributor License Agreement (CLA) there is a limited opt-out and other conditions apply. Learn more about W3C Community and Business Groups . This specification was originally created by the WHATWG as a Living Standard and last published at http://dev.w3.org/html5/webvtt/ . Table of Contents1. Introduction1.1 Cues with multiple lines1.2 Comments1.3 Other features2. Conformance2.1 Dependencies3. Data model3.1 Text Track Cues3.2 Text Track Region4. The Web VTT file format: Syntax4.1 Web VTT file structure4.2 Web VTT comments4.3 Types of Web VTT cue payload4.3.1 Web VTT metadata text4.3.2 Web VTT cue text4.4 Web VTT cue settings4.4.1 Web VTT region definition4.4.2 Web VTT cue settings4.5 Properties of cue sequences4.5.1 Web VTT file using only nested cues4.6 Types of Web VTT files4.6.1 Web VTT file using metadata content4.6.2 Web VTT file using chapter title text4.6.3 Web VTT file using cue text5. Web VTT file format: Parsing5.1 Web VTT file parsing5.2 Web VTT region settings parsing5.3 Web VTT cue timings and settings parsing5.4 Web VTT cue text parsing rules5.5 Web VTT cue text DOM construction rules6. Rendering6.1 Cues in isolation6.2 Cues with video6.2.1 Processing model6.2.2 Applying CSS properties to Web VTT Node Objects6.2.3 CSS extensions6.2.3.1 The '::cue' pseudo-element6.2.3.2 The ':past' and ':future' pseudo-classes6.2.3.3 The '::cue-region' pseudo-element7. Web VTT API for Browsers7.1 VTTCue interface7.2 Extension of the Text Track interface for region support7.3 Text Track Region interface7.4 Text Track Region List interface8. IANA considerations8.1 text/vtt9. References10. Acknowledgements1. Introduction This section is non-normative. The Web VTT (Web Video Text Tracks) format is intended for marking up external text track resources. The main use for Web VTT files is captioning video content. Here is a sample file that captions an interview: WEBVTT 00:11.000 --> 00:13.000 <v Roger Bingham>We are in New York City 00:13.000 --> 00:16.000 <v Roger Bingham>We're actually at the Lucern Hotel, just down the street 00:16.000 --> 00:18.000 <v Roger Bingham>from the American Museum of Natural History 00:18.000 --> 00:20.000 <v Roger Bingham>And with me is Neil de Grasse Tyson 00:20.000 --> 00:22.000 <v Roger Bingham>Astrophysicist, Director of the Hayden Planetarium 00:22.000 --> 00:24.000 <v Roger Bingham>at the AMNH. 00:24.000 --> 00:26.000 <v Roger Bingham>Thank you for walking down here. 00:27.000 --> 00:30.000 <v Roger Bingham>And I want to do a follow-up on the last conversation we did. 00:30.000 --> 00:31.500 align:end size:50% <v Roger Bingham>When we e-mailed— 00:30.500 --> 00:32.500 align:start size:50% <v Neil de Grasse Tyson>Didn't we talk about enough in that conversation? 00:32.000 --> 00:35.500 align:end size:50% <v Roger Bingham>No! No no no no; 'cos 'cos obviously 'cos 00:32.500 --> 00:33.500 align:start size:50% <v Neil de Grasse Tyson><i>Laughs</i> 00:35.500 --> 00:38.000 <v Roger Bingham>You know I'm so excited my glasses are falling off here.1.1 Cues with multiple lines This section is non-normative. Line breaks in cues are honored. User agents will also insert extra line breaks if necessary to fit the cue in the cue's width. In general, therefore, authors are encouraged to write cues all on one line except when a line break is definitely necessary, and to not manually line-wrap for aesthetic reasons alone. These captions on a public service announcement video demonstrate line breaking: WEBVTT 00:01.000 --> 00:04.000 Never drink liquid nitrogen. 00:05.000 --> 00:09.000 — It will perforate your stomach. — You could die. 00:10.000 --> 00:14.000 The Organisation for Sample Public Service Announcements accepts no liability for the content of this advertisement, or for the consequences of any actions taken on the basis of the information provided. The first cue is simple, it will probably just display on one line. The second will take two lines, one for each speaker. The third will wrap to fit the width of the video, possibly taking multiple lines. For example, the three cues could look like this: Never drink liquid nitrogen. — It will perforate your stomach. — You could die. The Organisation for Sample Public Service Announcements accepts no liability for the content of this advertisement, or for the consequences of any actions taken on the basis of the information provided. If the width of the cues is smaller, the first two cues could wrap as well, as in the following example. Note how the second cue's explicit line break is still honored, however: Never drink liquid nitrogen. — It will perforate your stomach. — You could die. The Organisation for Sample Public Service Announcements accepts no liability for the content of this advertisement, or for the consequences of any actions taken on the basis of the information provided. Also notice how the wrapping is done so as to keep the line lengths balanced.1.2 Comments This section is non-normative. Comments can be included in Web VTT files. Comments are just blocks that are preceded by a blank line, start with the word " NOTE " (followed by a space or newline), and end at the first blank line. Here, a one-line comment is used to note a possible problem with a cue. WEBVTT 00:01.000 --> 00:04.000 Never drink liquid nitrogen. NOTE I'm not sure the timing is right on the following cue. 00:05.000 --> 00:09.000 — It will perforate your stomach. — You could die. In this example, the author has written many comments. WEBVTT NOTE This file was written by Jill. I hope you enjoy reading it. Some things to bear in mind: - I was lip-reading, so the cues may not be 100% accurate - I didn't pay too close attention to when the cues should start or end. 00:01.000 --> 00:04.000 Never drink liquid nitrogen. NOTE check next cue 00:05.000 --> 00:09.000 — It will perforate your stomach. — You could die. NOTE end of file1.3 Other features This section is non-normative. Web VTT also supports some less-often used features. In this example, one of the cues has an identifier: WEBVTT 00:00.000 --> 00:02.000 That's an, an, that's an L! transcription-credit 00:04.000 --> 00:05.000 Transcribed by Celestials™This allows a style sheet to specifically target that cue:::cue (#transcription-credit) { color: red }In this example, each cue says who is talking using voice spans. In the first cue, the span specifying the speaker is also annotated with two classes, "first" and "loud". In the third cue, there is also some italics text (not associated with a specific speaker). The last cue is annotated with just the class "loud". WEBVTT 00:00.000 --> 00:02.000 <v.first.loud Esme>It's a blue apple tree! 00:02.000 --> 00:04.000 <v Mary>No way! 00:04.000 --> 00:06.000 <v Esme>Hee!</v> <i>laughter</i> 00:06.000 --> 00:08.000 <v.loud Mary>That's awesome!Notice that as a special exception, the voice spans don't have to be closed if they cover the entire cue text. Style sheets can style these spans:::cue (v [voice="Esme"]) { color: blue } ::cue (v [voice="Mary"]) { color: green } ::cue (i) { font-style: italic } ::cue (.loud) { font-size: 2em }This example shows two regions containing rollup captions for two different speakers. Fred's cues scroll up in a region in the left half of the video, Bill's cues scroll up in a region on the right half of the video. Fred's first cue disappears at 12.5sec even through it is defined until 20sec because its region is limited to 3 lines and at 12.5sec a fourth cue appears: WEBVTT Region: id=fred width=50% lines=3 regionanchor=0%,100% viewportanchor=10%,90% scroll=up Region: id=bill width=50% lines=3 regionanchor=100%,100% viewportanchor=90%,90% scroll=up 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:20.000 region:fred align:left <v Fred>Hi, my name is Fred 00:00:02.500 --> 00:00:22.500 region:bill align:right <v Bill>Hi, I'm Bill 00:00:05.000 --> 00:00:25.000 region:fred align:left <v Fred>Would you like to get a coffee? 00:00:07.500 --> 00:00:27.500 region:bill align:right <v Bill>Sure! I've only had one today. 00:00:10.000 --> 00:00:30.000 region:fred align:left <v Fred>This is my fourth! 00:00:12.500 --> 00:00:32.500 region:fred align:left <v Fred>OK, let's go. Note that regions are only defined for horizontal cues.2. Conformance This section remains to be written. In the meantime, please see the HTML standard. [HTML5]2.1 Dependencies This specification relies upon the following terms defined in the HTML standard. [HTML5]HTML elements Script's document Entry script MIME type UTF-8 decode Case-sensitive Collect a sequence of characters ASCII digits Alphanumeric ASCII characters Space character Skip whitespace Supported property indices Determine the value of an indexed property Split a string on spaces HTML namespace Media element Current playback position Expose a user interface to the user List of text tracks Text track Text track kind Text track mode Text track disabled Text track showing Text track cue Text track list of cues Text track cue order Text track cue identifier Text track cue start time Text track cue end time Text track cue pause-on-exit flag Text track cue text Text track cue active flag Text track cue display state Rules for updating the text track rendering Rules for rendering the cue in isolation Text Track Cue interface Text Track interface3. Data model3.1 Text Track Cues Web VTT cues are HTML text track cues that additionally consist of the following: [HTML5]A writing direction A writing direction, either horizontal (a line extends horizontally and is positioned vertically, with consecutive lines displayed below each other), vertical growing left (a line extends vertically and is positioned horizontally, with consecutive lines displayed to the left of each other ), or vertical growing right (a line extends vertically and is positioned horizontally, with consecutive lines displayed to the right of each other ). If the writing direction is horizontal, then line position percentages are relative to the height of the video, and text position and size percentages are relative to the width of the video. Otherwise, line position percentages are relative to the width of the video, and text position and size percentages are relative to the height of the video. A snap-to-lines flag A boolean indicating whether the line's position is a line position (positioned to a multiple of the line dimensions of the first line of the cue), or whether it is a percentage of the dimension of the video. Cues whose text track cue snap-to-lines flag is set will be placed within the title-safe area on user agents that use overscan. Cues with the flag unset will be positioned as requested (modulo overlap avoidance if multiple cues are in the same place). A line position Either a number giving the position of the lines of the cue, to be interpreted as defined by the writing direction and snap-to-lines flag of the cue, or the special value auto, which means the position is to depend on the other active tracks. A text track cue has a text track cue computed line position whose value is that returned by the following algorithm, which is defined in terms of the other aspects of the cue: If the text track cue line position is numeric, the text track cue snap-to-lines flag of the text track cue is not set, and the text track cue line position is negative or greater than 100, then return 100 and abort these steps. If the text track cue line position is numeric, return the value of the text track cue line position and abort these steps. (Either the text track cue snap-to-lines flag is set, so any value, not just those in the range 0..100, is valid, or the value is in the range 0..100 and is thus valid regardless of the value of that flag. )If the text track cue snap-to-lines flag of the text track cue is not set, return the value 100 and abort these steps. (The text track cue line position is the special value auto . )Let cue be the text track cue. If cue is not in a list of cues of a text track, or if that text track is not in the list of text tracks of a media element, return −1 and abort these steps. Let track be the text track whose list of cues the cue is in. Let n be the number of text tracks whose text track mode is showing and that are in the media element 's list of text tracks before track. Increment n by one. Negate n. Return n. A text position A number giving the position of the text of the cue within each line. If the cue is not within a region, to be interpreted as a percentage of the video, as defined by the writing direction, otherwise to be interpreted as a percentage of the region width. A size A number giving the size of the box within which the text of each line of the cue is to be aligned, to be interpreted as a percentage of the video, as defined by the writing direction. An alignment An alignment for the text of each line of the cue, one of: Start alignment The text is aligned towards its start side. Middle alignment The text is aligned centered between its start and end sides. End alignment The text is aligned towards its end side. Left alignment The text is aligned to the left. Right alignment The text is aligned to the right. Which sides are the start and end sides depends on the Unicode bidirectional algorithm and the writing direction. [BIDI]A region identifier A string that references by identifier the region that a cue belongs to, if it is not null. The associated rules for updating the text track rendering of Web VTT text track cues are the rules for updating the display of Web VTT text tracks. When a Web VTT text track cue whose active flag is set has its writing direction, snap-to-lines flag, line position, text position, size, alignment, region identifier , or text change value, then the user agent must empty the text track cue display state, and then immediately run the text track 's rules for updating the display of Web VTT text tracks.3.2 Text Track Region A text track region represents a subpart of the video viewport and provides a rendering area for text track cues. Each text track region consists of: An identifier An arbitrary string. A width A number giving the width of the box within which the text of each line of the containing cues is to be rendered, to be interpreted as a percentage of the video width. Defaults to 100. A lines value A number giving the number of lines of the box within which the text of each line of the containing cues is to be rendered. Defaults to 3. A region anchor point Two numbers giving the x and y coordinates within the region which is anchored to the video viewport and does not change location even when the region does, e.g. because of font size changes. Defaults to (0,100), i.e. the bottom left corner of the region. A region viewport anchor point Two numbers giving the x and y coordinates within the video viewport to which the region anchor point is anchored. Defaults to (0,100), i.e. the bottom left corner of the viewport. A scroll value One of the following: None Indicates that the cues in the region are not to scroll and instead stay fixed at the location they were first painted in. Up Indicates that the cues in the region will be added at the bottom of the region and push any already displayed cues in the region up until all lines of the new cue are visible in the region. For parsing, we also need the following: A text track list of regions A list of zero or more text track regions.4. The Web VTT file format: Syntax4.1 Web VTT file structure A Web VTT file must consist of a Web VTT file body encoded as UTF-8 and labeled with the MIME type text/vtt. [RFC3629]A Web VTT file body consists of the following components, in the following order: An optional U+FEFF BYTE ORDER MARK (BOM) character. The string " WEBVTT ". Optionally, either a U+0020 SPACE character or a U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION (tab) character followed by any number of characters that are not U+000A LINE FEED (LF) or U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN (CR) characters. Exactly one Web VTT line terminators to terminate the line with the file magic and separate it from the rest of the body. Zero or more Web VTT metadata headers. One or more Web VTT line terminators to terminate the header block and separate the cues from the file header. Zero or more Web VTT cues and Web VTT comments separated from each other by one or more Web VTT line terminators. Zero or more Web VTT line terminators. A Web VTT line terminator consists of one of the following: A U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN U+000A LINE FEED (CRLF) character pair. A single U+000A LINE FEED (LF) character. A single U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN (CR) character. A Web VTT metadata header consists of the following components, in the given order: A Web VTT metadata header name. A U+003A COLON (colon) character. A Web VTT metadata header value. A Web VTT line terminator. A Web VTT metadata header name and a Web VTT metadata header value each consist of any sequence of zero or more characters other than U+000A LINE FEED (LF) characters and U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN (CR) characters except that the entire resulting string must not contain the substring " --> " (U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS, U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS, U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN). A Web VTT cue consists of the following components, in the given order: Optionally, a Web VTT cue identifier followed by a Web VTT line terminator. Web VTT cue timings. Optionally, one or more U+0020 SPACE characters or U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION (tab) characters followed by a Web VTT cue settings list. A Web VTT line terminator. The cue payload: either Web VTT cue text, Web VTT chapter title text, or Web VTT metadata text, but it must not contain the substring " --> " (U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS, U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS, U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN). A Web VTT line terminator. Note A Web VTT cue corresponds to one piece of time-aligned text or data in the Web VTT file, for example one subtitle. The cue payload is the text or data associated with the cue. A Web VTT cue identifier is any sequence of one or more characters not containing the substring " --> " (U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS, U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS, U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN), nor containing any U+000A LINE FEED (LF) characters or U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN (CR) characters. Note A Web VTT cue identifier can be used to reference a specific cue, for example from script or CSS. The Web VTT cue timings part of a Web VTT cue consists of the following components, in the given order: A Web VTT timestamp representing the start time offset of the cue. The time represented by this Web VTT timestamp must be greater than or equal to the start time offsets of all previous cues in the file. One or more U+0020 SPACE characters or U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION (tab) characters. The string " --> " (U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS, U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS, U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN). One or more U+0020 SPACE characters or U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION (tab) characters. A Web VTT timestamp representing the end time offset of the cue. The time represented by this Web VTT timestamp must be greater than the start time offset of the cue. Note The Web VTT cue timings give the start and end offsets of the Web VTT cue. Different cues can overlap. Cues are always listed ordered by their start time. A Web VTT timestamp can be either a Web VTT timestamp representing hours, minutes, seconds and thousandths of a second or a Web VTT timestamp representing a time in seconds and fractions of a second. Note A Web VTT timestamp is always interpreted relative to the current playback position of the media data that the Web VTT file is to be synchronised with, which always starts at 0. A Web VTT timestamp representing hours hours, minutes minutes, seconds seconds, and thousandths of a second seconds-frac, consists of the following components, in the given order: Optionally (required if hour is non-zero): Two or more ASCII digits, representing the hours as a base ten integer. A U+003A COLON character (:)Two ASCII digits, representing the minutes as a base ten integer in the range 0 ≤ minutes ≤ 59. A U+003A COLON character (:)Two ASCII digits, representing the seconds as a base ten integer in the range 0 ≤ seconds ≤ 59. A U+002E FULL STOP character (.). Three ASCII digits, representing the thousandths of a second seconds-frac as a base ten integer. A Web VTT timestamp representing a time in seconds and fractions of a second is a Web VTT timestamp representing hours hours, minutes minutes, seconds seconds, and thousandths of a second seconds-frac, calculated as follows: Let seconds be the integer part of the time. Let seconds-frac be the fractional component of the time, expressed as the digits of the decimal fraction given to three decimal digits. If seconds is greater than 59, then let minutes be the integer component of seconds divided by sixty, and then let seconds be the remainder of dividing seconds divided by sixty. Otherwise, let minutes be zero. If minutes is greater than 59, then let hours be the integer component of minutes divided by sixty, and then let minutes be the remainder of dividing minutes divided by sixty. Otherwise, let hours be zero. A Web VTT cue settings list consist of a sequence of zero or more Web VTT cue settings in any order, separated from each other by one or more U+0020 SPACE characters or U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION (tab) characters. Each setting consists of the following components, in the order given: A Web VTT cue setting name. An optional U+003A COLON (colon) character. An optional Web VTT cue setting value. A Web VTT cue setting name and a Web VTT cue setting value each consist of any sequence of zero or more characters other than U+000A LINE FEED (LF) characters and U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN (CR) characters except that the entire resulting string must not contain the substring " --> " (U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS, U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS, U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN).4.2 Web VTT comments A Web VTT comment consists of the following components, in the given order: The case-sensitive string " NOTE ". Optionally, the following components, in the given order: Either: A U+0020 SPACE character or U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION (tab) character. A Web VTT line terminator. Any sequence of zero or more characters other than U+000A LINE FEED (LF) characters and U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN (CR) characters, each optionally separated from the next by a Web VTT line terminator, except that the entire resulting string must not contain the substring " --> " (U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS, U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS, U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN). A Web VTT line terminator. Note A Web VTT comment is ignored by the parser.4.3 Types of Web VTT cue payload4.3.1 Web VTT metadata text Web VTT metadata text consists of any sequence of zero or more characters other than U+000A LINE FEED (LF) characters and U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN (CR) characters, each optionally separated from the next by a Web VTT line terminator. (In other words, any text that does not have two consecutive Web VTT line terminators and does not start or end with a Web VTT line terminator . )Web VTT metadata text cues are only useful for scripted applications (using the metadata text track kind ).4.3.2 Web VTT cue text Web VTT cue text is cue payload that consists of zero or more Web VTT cue components, in any order, each optionally separated from the next by a Web VTT line terminator. The Web VTT cue components are: A Web VTT cue class span. A Web VTT cue italics span. A Web VTT cue bold span. A Web VTT cue underline span. A Web VTT cue ruby span. A Web VTT cue voice span. A Web VTT cue language span. A Web VTT cue timestamp. A Web VTT cue text span, representing the text of the cue. A Web VTT cue amp escape, representing a "&" character in the text of the cue. A Web VTT cue lt escape, representing a "<" character in the text of the cue. A Web VTT cue gt escape, representing a ">" character in the text of the cue. A Web VTT cue lrm escape, representing a U+200E LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK Unicode bidirectional formatting character in the text of the cue. A Web VTT cue rlm escape, representing a U+200F RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK Unicode bidirectional formatting character in the text of the cue. A Web VTT cue nbsp escape, representing a U+00A0 NO-BREAK SPACE character in the text of the cue. Web VTT cue internal text consists of an optional Web VTT line terminator, followed by zero or more Web VTT cue components, in any order, each optionally followed by a Web VTT line terminator. A Web VTT cue class span consists of a Web VTT cue span start tag " c " that disallows an annotation, Web VTT cue internal text representing cue text, and a Web VTT cue span end tag " c ". A Web VTT cue italics span consists of a Web VTT cue span start tag " i " that disallows an annotation, Web VTT cue internal text representing the italicized text, and a Web VTT cue span end tag " i ". A Web VTT cue bold span consists of a Web VTT cue span start tag " b " that disallows an annotation, Web VTT cue internal text representing the boldened text, and a Web VTT cue span end tag " b ". A Web VTT cue underline span consists of a Web VTT cue span start tag " u " that disallows an annotation, Web VTT cue internal text representing the underlined text, and a Web VTT cue span end tag " u ". A Web VTT cue ruby span consists of the following components, in the order given: A Web VTT cue span start tag " ruby " that disallows an annotation. One or more occurrences of the following group of components, in the order given: Web VTT cue internal text, representing the ruby base. A Web VTT cue span start tag " rt " that disallows an annotation. A Web VTT cue ruby text span: Web VTT cue internal text, representing the ruby text component of the ruby annotation. A Web VTT cue span end tag " rt ". If this is the last occurrence of this group of components in the Web VTT cue ruby span, then this last end tag string may be omitted. If the last end tag string was not omitted: Optionally, a Web VTT line terminator. If the last end tag string was not omitted: Zero or more U+0020 SPACE characters or U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION (tab) characters, each optionally followed by a Web VTT line terminator. A Web VTT cue span end tag " ruby ". A Web VTT cue voice span consists of the following components, in the order given: A Web VTT cue span start tag " v " that requires an annotation; the annotation represents the name of the voice. Web VTT cue internal text. A Web VTT cue span end tag " v ". If this Web VTT cue voice span is the only component of its Web VTT cue text sequence, then the end tag may be omitted for brevity. A Web VTT cue language span consists of the following components, in the order given: A Web VTT cue span start tag " lang " that requires an annotation; the annotation represents the language of the following component, and must be a valid BCP 47 language tag. [BCP47]Web VTT cue internal text. A Web VTT cue span end tag " lang ". A Web VTT cue span start tag has a tag name and either requires or disallows an annotation, and consists of the following components, in the order given: A U+003C LESS-THAN SIGN character (<). The tag name. Zero or more occurrences of the following sequence: U+002E FULL STOP character (. )One or more characters other than U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION (tab) characters, U+000A LINE FEED (LF) characters, U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN (CR) characters, U+0020 SPACE characters, U+0026 AMPERSAND characters (&), U+003C LESS-THAN SIGN characters (<), U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN characters (>), and U+002E FULL STOP characters (. ), representing a class that describes the cue span's significance. If the start tag requires an annotation: a U+0020 SPACE character or a U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION (tab) character, followed by one or more of the following components, the concatenation of their representations having a value that contains at least one character other than U+0020 SPACE and U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION (tab) characters: Web VTT cue span start tag annotation text, representing the text of the annotation. A Web VTT cue amp escape, representing a "&" character in the text of the annotation. A Web VTT cue lt escape, representing a "<" character in the text of the annotation. A Web VTT cue gt escape, representing a ">" character in the text of the annotation. A Web VTT cue lrm escape, representing a U+200E LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK Unicode bidirectional formatting character in the text of the cue. A Web VTT cue rlm escape, representing a U+200F RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK Unicode bidirectional formatting character in the text of the cue. A Web VTT cue nbsp escape, representing a U+00A0 NO-BREAK SPACE character in the text of the cue. A U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN character (>). A Web VTT cue span end tag has a tag name and consists of the following components, in the order given: A U+003C LESS-THAN SIGN character (<). U+002F SOLIDUS character (/). The tag name. A U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN character (>). A Web VTT cue timestamp consists of a U+003C LESS-THAN SIGN character (<), followed by a Web VTT timestamp representing the time that the given point in the cue becomes active, followed by a U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN character (>). The time represented by the Web VTT timestamp must be greater than the times represented by any previous Web VTT cue timestamps in the cue, as well as greater than the cue's start time offset, and less than the cue's end time offset. A Web VTT cue text span consists of one or more characters other than U+000A LINE FEED (LF) characters, U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN (CR) characters, U+0026 AMPERSAND characters (&), and U+003C LESS-THAN SIGN characters (<). Web VTT cue span start tag annotation text consists of one or more characters other than U+000A LINE FEED (LF) characters, U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN (CR) characters, U+0026 AMPERSAND characters (&), and U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN characters (>). A Web VTT cue amp escape is the five character string " & ". A Web VTT cue lt escape is the four character string " < ". A Web VTT cue gt escape is the four character string " > ". A Web VTT cue lrm escape is the five character string " ". A Web VTT cue rlm escape is the five character string " ". A Web VTT cue nbsp escape is the six character string " ".4.4 Web VTT cue settings4.4.1 Web VTT region definition A Web VTT cue settings list may contain a reference to a text track region. To define a region, a Web VTT region metadata header is specified. A Web VTT region metadata header is a special kind of Web VTT metadata header where both of the following apply: The Web VTT metadata header name is the string " Region ". The Web VTT metadata header value is a Web VTT region setting list . A Web VTT region represents its Web VTT region settings. The Web VTT region setting list of a Web VTT region metadata header consists of zero or more of the following components, in any order, separated from each other by one or more U+0020 SPACE characters or U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION (tab) characters. Each component must not be included more than once per Web VTT region setting list string. A Web VTT region identifier. A Web VTT region width setting. A Web VTT region lines setting. A Web VTT region anchor setting. A Web VTT region viewport anchor setting. A Web VTT region scroll setting. Note The Web VTT region setting list gives configuration options regarding the dimensions, positioning and anchoring of the region. For example, it allows a group of cues within a region to be anchored in the center of the region and the center of the video viewport. In this example, when the font size grows, the region grows uniformly in all directions from the center. A Web VTT region identifier consists of the following components, in the order given: The string " id ". A U+003D EQUALS SIGN character (=). An arbitrary string of one or more characters other than U+0020 SPACE or U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION character. The string must not contain the substring " --> " (U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS, U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS, U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN). Note The Web VTT region identifier gives a name to the region so it can be referenced by the cues that belong to the region. A Web VTT region width setting consists of the following components, in the order given: The string " width ". A U+003D EQUALS SIGN character (=). One or more ASCII digits. An optional U+002E DOT character (.). One or more ASCII digits. A U+0025 PERCENT SIGN character (%). Note The Web VTT region width setting provides a fixed width as a percentage of the video width for the region into which cues are rendered and based on which alignment is calculated. A Web VTT region lines setting consists of the following components, in the order given: The string " lines ". A U+003D EQUALS SIGN character (=). One or more ASCII digits. Note The Web VTT region lines setting provides a fixed height as a number of lines for the region into which cues are rendered. As such, it defines the height of the roll-up region if it is a scroll region. A Web VTT region anchor setting consists of the following components, in the order given: The string " regionanchor ". A U+003D EQUALS SIGN character (=). One or more ASCII digits. An optional U+002E DOT character (.). One or more ASCII digits. A U+0025 PERCENT SIGN character (%). A U+002C COMMA character (,). One or more ASCII digits. An optional U+002E DOT character (.). One or more ASCII digits. A U+0025 PERCENT SIGN character (%). Note The Web VTT region anchor setting provides a tuple of two percentages that specify the point within the region box that is fixed in location. The first percentage measures the x-dimension and the second percentage y-dimension from the top left corner of the region box. If no Web VTT region anchor setting is given, the anchor defaults to 0%, 100% (i.e. the bottom left corner). A Web VTT region viewport anchor setting consists of the following components, in the order given: The string " viewportanchor ". A U+003D EQUALS SIGN character (=). One or more ASCII digits. An optional U+002E DOT character (.). One or more ASCII digits. A U+0025 PERCENT SIGN character (%). A U+002C COMMA character (,). One or more ASCII digits. An optional U+002E DOT character (.). One or more ASCII digits. A U+0025 PERCENT SIGN character (%). Note The Web VTT region viewport anchor setting provides a tuple of two percentages that specify the point within the video viewport that the region anchor point is anchored to. The first percentage measures the x-dimension and the second percentage measures the y-dimension from the top left corner of the video viewport box. If no viewport anchor is given, it defaults to 0%, 100% (i.e. the bottom left corner). Note For browsers, the region maps to an absolute positioned CSS box relative to the video viewport, i.e. there is a relative positioned box that represents the video viewport relative to which the regions are absolutely positioned. Overflow is hidden. A Web VTT region scroll setting consists of the following components, in the order given: The string " scroll ". A U+003D EQUALS SIGN character (=). The string " up ". Note The Web VTT region scroll setting specifies whether cues rendered into the region are allowed to move out of their initial rendering place and roll up, i.e. move towards the top of the video viewport. If the scroll setting is omitted, cues do not move from their rendered position. Note Cues are added to a region one line at a time below existing cue lines. When an existing rendered cue line is removed, and it was above another already rendered cue line, that cue line moves into its space, thus scrolling in the given direction. If there is not enough space for a new cue line to be added to a region, the top-most cue line is pushed off the visible region (thus slowly becoming invisible as it moves into overflow:hidden). This eventually makes space for the new cue line and allows it to be added. Note When there is no scroll direction, cue lines are added in the empty line closest to the line in the bottom of the region. If no empty line is available, the oldest line is replaced.4.4.2 Web VTT cue settings A Web VTT cue settings list consists of zero or more of the following settings. Each setting must not be included more than once per Web VTT cue settings list. A Web VTT vertical text cue setting. A Web VTT line position cue setting. A Web VTT text position cue setting. A Web VTT size cue setting. A Web VTT alignment cue setting. A Web VTT region cue setting. Note A Web VTT cue settings list gives configuration options regarding the position and alignment of the cue. For example, it allows a cue to be aligned to the left or positioned at the top right. A Web VTT vertical text cue setting is a Web VTT cue setting that consists of the following components, in the order given: The string " vertical " as the Web VTT cue setting name. A U+003A COLON character (:). One of the following strings as the Web VTT cue setting value: " rl ", " lr ". Note A Web VTT vertical text cue setting configures the cue to use vertical text layout rather than horizontal text layout. Vertical text layout is sometimes used in Japanese, for example. The default is horizontal layout. A Web VTT line position cue setting consists of the following components, in the order given: The string " line " as the Web VTT cue setting name. A U+003A COLON character (:). As the Web VTT cue setting value either: To represent a specific position relative to the video frame One or more ASCII digits. A U+0025 PERCENT SIGN character (%). To represent a line number Optionally a U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS character (-). One or more ASCII digits. Note A Web VTT line position cue setting configures the position of the cue. For horizontal cues, this is the vertical position. The position can be given either as a percentage, which gives the distance from the top of the frame, or as a line number. Line numbers are based on the size of the first line of the cue. Positive line numbers count from the top of the frame (the top line is numbered 0), negative line numbers from the bottom of the frame (the bottom line is numbered −1). A Web VTT text position cue setting consists of the following components, in the order given: The string " position " as the Web VTT cue setting name. A U+003A COLON character (:). As the Web VTT cue setting value : One or more ASCII digits. A U+0025 PERCENT SIGN character (%). Note A Web VTT text position cue setting configures the position of the text in the direction orthogonal to the Web VTT line position cue setting. For horizontal cues, this is the horizontal position. The Web VTT text position cue setting is given as a percentage, calculated from the edge of the frame that the text begins (so for left-to-right English text, the left edge). A Web VTT size cue setting consists of the following components, in the order given: The string " size " as the Web VTT cue setting name. A U+003A COLON character (:). As the Web VTT cue setting value : One or more ASCII digits. A U+0025 PERCENT SIGN character (%). Note A Web VTT size cue setting configures the size of the cue in the same direction as the Web VTT text position cue setting. For horizontal cues, this is the width of the cue. It is given as a percentage of the width of the frame. A Web VTT alignment cue setting consists of the following components, in the order given: The string " align " as the Web VTT cue setting name. A U+003A COLON character (:). One of the following strings as the Web VTT cue setting value: " start ", " middle ", " end ", " left ", " right "Note A Web VTT alignment cue setting configures the alignment of the text within the cue. The keywords are relative to the text direction; for left-to-right English text, " start " means left-aligned. A Web VTT region cue setting consists of the following components, in the order given: The string " region " as the Web VTT cue setting name. A U+003A COLON character (:). As the Web VTT cue setting value: an arbitrary string of one or more characters other than U+0020 SPACE or U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION character. The string must not contain the substring " --> " (U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS, U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS, U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN). Note A Web VTT region cue setting configures a cue to become part of a region by referencing the region's identifier unless the cue has a "vertical" , "line" or "size" cue setting. If a cue is part of a region, its cue settings for "position" and "align" are applied to the line boxes in the cue relative to the region box.4.5 Properties of cue sequences4.5.1 Web VTT file using only nested cues A Web VTT file whose cues all follow the following rules is said to be a Web VTT file using only nested cues:given any two cues cue1 and cue2 with start and end time offsets (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) respectively,either cue1 lies fully within cue2, i.e. x1 >= x2 and y1 <= y2or cue1 fully contains cue2, i.e. x1 <= x2 and y1 >= y2. The following example matches this definition: WEBVTT 00:00.000 --> 01:24.000 Introduction 00:00.000 --> 00:44.000 Topics 00:44.000 --> 01:19.000 Presenters 01:24.000 --> 05:00.000 Scrolling Effects 01:35.000 --> 03:00.000 Achim's Demo 03:00.000 --> 05:00.000 Timeline Panel Notice how you can express the cues in this Web VTT file as a tree structure: Web VTT file Introduction Topics Presenters Scrolling Effects Achim's Demo Timeline Panel If the file has cues that can't be expressed in this fashion, then they don't match the definition of a Web VTT file using only nested cues. For example: WEBVTT 00:00.000 --> 01:00.000 The First Minute 00:30.000 --> 01:30.000 The Final Minute In this ninety-second example, the two cues partly overlap, with the first ending before the second ends and the second starting before the first ends. This therefore is not a Web VTT file using only nested cues.4.6 Types of Web VTT files The syntax definition of Web VTT files allows authoring of a wide variety of Web VTT files with a mix of cues. However, only a small subset of Web VTT file types are typically authored. Conformance checkers, when validating Web VTT files, may offer to restrict syntax checking for validating these types.4.6.1 Web VTT file using metadata content A Web VTT file whose cues all have a cue payload that is Web VTT metadata text is said to be a Web VTT file using metadata content.4.6.2 Web VTT file using chapter title text Web VTT chapter title text is Web VTT cue text that makes use only of zero or more of the following components, each optionally separated from the next by a Web VTT line terminator: Web VTT cue text span Web VTT cue amp escape Web VTT cue lt escape Web VTT cue gt escape Web VTT cue lrm escape Web VTT cue rlm escape Web VTT cue nbsp escape A Web VTT file using chapter title text is a Web VTT file using only nested cues whose cues all have a cue payload that is Web VTT chapter title text.4.6.3 Web VTT file using cue text A Web VTT file whose cues all have a cue payload that is Web VTT cue text is said to be a Web VTT file using cue text.5. Web VTT file format: Parsing5.1 Web VTT file parsing A Web VTT parser, given an input byte stream and a text track list of cues output , must decode the byte stream using the UTF-8 decode algorithm, and then must parse the resulting string according to the Web VTT parser algorithm below. This results in text track cues being added to output. [RFC3629]A Web VTT parser, specifically its conversion and parsing steps, is typically run asynchronously, with the input byte stream being updated incrementally as the resource is downloaded; this is called an incremental Web VTT parser. A Web VTT parser verifies a file signature before parsing the provided byte stream. If the stream lacks this Web VTT file signature, then the parser aborts. The Web VTT parser algorithm is as follows: Let regions be a text track list of regions. Let input be the string being parsed, after conversion to Unicode, and with the following transformations applied: Replace all U+0000 NULL characters by U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTERs. Replace each U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN U+000A LINE FEED (CRLF) character pair by a single U+000A LINE FEED (LF) character. Replace all remaining U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN characters by U+000A LINE FEED (LF) characters. Let position be a pointer into input, initially pointing at the start of the string. In an incremental Web VTT parser, when this algorithm (or further algorithms that it uses) moves the position pointer, the user agent must wait until appropriate further characters from the byte stream have been added to input before moving the pointer, so that the algorithm never reads past the end of the input string. Once the byte stream has ended, and all characters have been added to input, then the position pointer may, when so instructed by the algorithms, be moved past the end of input. Let line be a string variable. Unset the already collected line flag. Collect a sequence of characters that are not U+000A LINE FEED (LF) characters. Let line be those characters, if any. If line is less than six characters long, then abort these steps. The file does not start with the correct Web VTT file signature and was therefore not successfully processed. If line is exactly six characters long but does not exactly equal " WEBVTT ", then abort these steps. The file does not start with the correct Web VTT file signature and was therefore not successfully processed. If line is more than six characters long but the first six characters do not exactly equal " WEBVTT ", or the seventh character is neither a U+0020 SPACE character nor a U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION (tab) character, then abort these steps. The file does not start with the correct Web VTT file signature and was therefore not successfully processed. If position is past the end of input, then abort these steps. The file was successfully processed, but it contains no useful data and so no text track cues where added to output. The character indicated by position is a U+000A LINE FEED (LF) character. Advance position to the next character in input. Header: Collect a sequence of characters that are not U+000A LINE FEED (LF) characters. Let line be those characters, if any. Metadata header loop: If line is not the empty string, run the following substeps: Metadata header creation: Let metadata be a new Web VTT metadata header. Let metadata's name be the empty string. Let metadata's value be the empty string. If line contains the character ":" (A U+003A COLON), then set metadata's name to the substring of line before the first ":" character and metadata's value to the substring after this character. If metadata's name equals "Region": Region creation: Let region be a new text track region. Let region 's identifier be the empty string. Let region 's width be 100. Let region 's lines be 3. Let region 's anchor point be (0,100). Let region 's viewport anchor point be (0,100). Let region 's scroll value be NONE. Collect Web VTT region settings from metadata's value using region for the results. Region processing: Construct a Web VTT Region Object from region. If the text track list of regions regions contains a region with the same region identifier value as region, remove that region. Add region to the text track list of regions regions. If position is past the end of input, then jump to the step labeled end. The character indicated by position is a U+000A LINE FEED (LF) character. Advance position to the next character in input. If line contains the three-character substring " --> " (U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS, U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS, U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN), then set the already collected line flag and jump to the step labeled cue loop. If line is not the empty string, then jump back to the step labeled header. Cue loop: If the already collected line flag is set, then jump to the step labeled cue creation. Collect a sequence of characters that are U+000A LINE FEED (LF) characters. Collect a sequence of characters that are not U+000A LINE FEED (LF) characters. Let line be those characters, if any. If line is the empty string, then jump to the step labeled end. (In such a case, position is also forcibly past the end of input . )Cue creation: Let cue be a new text track cue. Let cue 's text track cue identifier be the empty string. Let cue 's text track cue pause-on-exit flag be false. Let cue 's text track cue writing direction be horizontal. Let cue 's text track cue region identifier be the empty string. Let cue 's text track cue snap-to-lines flag be true. Let cue 's text track cue line position be auto. Let cue 's text track cue text position be 50. Let cue 's text track cue size be 100. Let cue 's text track cue alignment be middle alignment. Let cue 's text track cue text be the empty string. If line contains the three-character substring " --> " (U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS, U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS, U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN), then jump to the step labeled timings below. Let cue 's text track cue identifier be line. If position is past the end of input, then discard cue and jump to the step labeled end. If the character indicated by position is a U+000A LINE FEED (LF) character, advance position to the next character in input. Collect a sequence of characters that are not U+000A LINE FEED (LF) characters. Let line be those characters, if any. If line is the empty string, then discard cue and jump to the step labeled cue loop. Timings: Unset the already collected line flag. Collect Web VTT cue timings and settings from line, using cue for the results. If that fails, jump to the step labeled bad cue. Let cue text be the empty string. Cue text loop: If position is past the end of input, then jump to the step labeled cue text processing. If the character indicated by position is a U+000A LINE FEED (LF) character, advance position to the next character in input. Collect a sequence of characters that are not U+000A LINE FEED (LF) characters. Let line be those characters, if any. If line is the empty string, then jump to the step labeled cue text processing. If line contains the three-character substring " --> " (U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS, U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS, U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN), then set the already collected line flag and jump to the step labeled cue text processing. If cue text is not empty, append a U+000A LINE FEED (LF) character to cue text. Let cue text be the concatenation of cue text and line. Return to the step labeled cue text loop. Cue text processing: Let the text track cue text of cue be cue text, and let the rules for rendering the cue in isolation be the rules for interpreting Web VTT cue text. Add cue to the text track list of cues output. Jump to the step labeled cue loop. Bad cue: Discard cue. Bad cue loop: If position is past the end of input, then jump to the step labeled end. If the character indicated by position is a U+000A LINE FEED (LF) character, advance position to the next character in input. Collect a sequence of characters that are not U+000A LINE FEED (LF) characters. Let line be those characters, if any. If line contains the three-character substring " --> " (U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS, U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS, U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN), then set the already collected line flag and jump to the step labeled cue loop. If line is the empty string, then jump to the step labeled cue loop. Otherwise, jump to the step labeled bad cue loop. End: The file has ended. Abort these steps. The Web VTT parser has finished. The file was successfully processed.5.2 Web VTT region settings parsing When the Web VTT parser requires that the user agent collect Web VTT region settings from a string input for a text track, the user agent must run the following algorithm. A Web VTT region object is a conceptual construct to represent a Web VTT region that is used as a root node for lists of Web VTT node objects. This algorithm returns a list of Web VTT Region Objects. Let settings be the result of splitting input on spaces. For each token setting in the list settings, run the following substeps: If setting does not contain a U+003D EQUALS SIGN character (=), or if the first U+003D EQUALS SIGN character (=) in setting is either the first or last character of setting, then jump to the step labeled next setting. Let name be the leading substring of setting up to and excluding the first U+003D EQUALS SIGN character (=) in that string. Let value be the trailing substring of setting starting from the character immediately after the first U+003D EQUALS SIGN character (=) in that string. Run the appropriate substeps that apply for the value of name, as follows: If name is a case-sensitive match for " id "Let region 's identifier be value. Otherwise if name is a case-sensitive match for " width "If parse a percentage string from value returns a percentage, let region 's text track region width be percentage. Otherwise if name is a case-sensitive match for " lines "If value contains any characters other than ASCII digits, then jump to the step labeled next setting. Interpret value as an integer, and let number be that number. Let region 's text track region lines be number. Otherwise if name is a case-sensitive match for " regionanchor "If value does not contain a U+002C COMMA character (,), then jump to the step labeled next setting. Let anchor X be the leading substring of value up to and excluding the first U+002C COMMA character (,) in that string. Let anchor Y be the trailing substring of value starting from the character immediately after the first U+002C COMMA character (,) in that string. If parse a percentage string from anchor X or parse a percentage string from anchor Y don't return a percentage, then jump to the step labeled next setting. Let region 's text track region anchor point be the tuple of the percentage values calculated from anchor X and anchor Y. Otherwise if name is a case-sensitive match for " viewportanchor "If value does not contain a U+002C COMMA character (,), then jump to the step labeled next setting. Let viewportanchor X be the leading substring of value up to and excluding the first U+002C COMMA character (,) in that string. Let viewportanchor Y be the trailing substring of value starting from the character immediately after the first U+002C COMMA character (,) in that string. If parse a percentage string from viewportanchor X or parse a percentage string from viewportanchor Y don't return a percentage, then jump to the step labeled next setting. Let region 's text track region viewport anchor point be the tuple of the percentage values calculated from viewportanchor X and viewportanchor Y. Otherwise if name is a case-sensitive match for " scroll "If value is a case-sensitive match for the string " up ", then let region 's scroll value be " scroll up ". Next setting: Continue to the next setting, if any. The rules to parse a percentage string are as follows. This will return a percentage value or, if at any point the algorithm says that it "fails", this means that it is aborted at that point with an Index Size Error and returns nothing. Let input be the string being parsed. If input contains any characters other than U+0025 PERCENT SIGN characters (%), U+002E DOT characters (.) and ASCII digits, then fail. If input does not contain at least one ASCII digit, then fail. If input contains more than one U+002E DOT character (. ), then fail. If any character in input other than the last character is a U+0025 PERCENT SIGN character (%), then fail. If the last character in input is not a U+0025 PERCENT SIGN character (%), then fail. Ignoring the trailing percent sign, interpret input as a real number. Let that number be the percentage. If percentage is outside the range 0.0% .. 100.0%, fail. Return percentage.5.3 Web VTT cue timings and settings parsing When the algorithm above requires that the user agent Collect Web VTT cue timings and settings from a string input for a text track cue cue, the user agent must run the following algorithm. Let input be the string being parsed. Let position be a pointer into input, initially pointing at the start of the string. Skip whitespace. Collect a Web VTT timestamp. If that algorithm fails, then abort these steps and return failure. Otherwise, let cue 's text track cue start time be the collected time. Skip whitespace. If the character at position is not a U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS character (-) then abort these steps and return failure. Otherwise, move position forwards one character. If the character at position is not a U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS character (-) then abort these steps and return failure. Otherwise, move position forwards one character. If the character at position is not a U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN character (>) then abort these steps and return failure. Otherwise, move position forwards one character. Skip whitespace. Collect a Web VTT timestamp. If that algorithm fails, then abort these steps and return failure. Otherwise, let cue 's text track cue end time be the collected time. Let remainder be the trailing substring of input starting at position. Parse the Web VTT settings given by remainder for cue. When the user agent is to Parse the Web VTT settings given by a string input for a text track cue cue, the user agent must run the following steps: Let settings be the result of splitting input on spaces. For each token setting in the list settings, run the following substeps: If setting does not contain a U+003A COLON character (:), or if the first U+003A COLON character (:) in setting is either the first or last character of setting, then jump to the step labeled next setting. Let name be the leading substring of setting up to and excluding the first U+003A COLON character (:) in that string. Let value be the trailing substring of setting starting from the character immediately after the first U+003A COLON character (:) in that string. Run the appropriate substeps that apply for the value of name, as follows: If name is a case-sensitive match for " region "Let cue 's text track cue region identifier be value. If name is a case-sensitive match for " vertical "If value is a case-sensitive match for the string " rl ", then let cue 's text track cue writing direction be vertical growing left. Otherwise, if value is a case-sensitive match for the string " lr ", then let cue 's text track cue writing direction be vertical growing right. If name is a case-sensitive match for " line "If value contains any characters other than U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS characters (-), U+0025 PERCENT SIGN characters (%), and ASCII digits, then jump to the step labeled next setting. If value does not contain at least one ASCII digit, then jump to the step labeled next setting. If any character in value other than the first character is a U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS character (-), then jump to the step labeled next setting. If any character in value other than the last character is a U+0025 PERCENT SIGN character (%), then jump to the step labeled next setting. If the first character in value is a U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS character (-) and the last character in value is a U+0025 PERCENT SIGN character (%), then jump to the step labeled next setting. Ignoring the trailing percent sign, if any, interpret value as a (potentially signed) integer, and let number be that number. If the last character in value is a U+0025 PERCENT SIGN character (%), but number is not in the range 0 ≤ number ≤ 100, then jump to the step labeled next setting. Let cue 's text track cue line position be number. If the last character in value is a U+0025 PERCENT SIGN character (%), then let cue 's text track cue snap-to-lines flag be false. Otherwise, let it be true. If name is a case-sensitive match for " position "If value contains any characters other than U+0025 PERCENT SIGN characters (%) and ASCII digits, then jump to the step labeled next setting. If value does not contain at least one ASCII digit, then jump to the step labeled next setting. If any character in value other than the last character is a U+0025 PERCENT SIGN character (%), then jump to the step labeled next setting. If the last character in value is not a U+0025 PERCENT SIGN character (%), then jump to the step labeled next setting. Ignoring the trailing percent sign, interpret value as an integer, and let number be that number. If number is not in the range 0 ≤ number ≤ 100, then jump to the step labeled next setting. Let cue 's text track cue text position be number. If name is a case-sensitive match for " size "If value contains any characters other than U+0025 PERCENT SIGN characters (%) and ASCII digits, then jump to the step labeled next setting. If value does not contain at least one ASCII digit, then jump to the step labeled next setting. If any character in value other than the last character is a U+0025 PERCENT SIGN character (%), then jump to the step labeled next setting. If the last character in value is not a U+0025 PERCENT SIGN character (%), then jump to the step labeled next setting. Ignoring the trailing percent sign, interpret value as an integer, and let number be that number. If number is not in the range 0 ≤ number ≤ 100, then jump to the step labeled next setting. Let cue 's text track cue size be number. If name is a case-sensitive match for " align "If value is a case-sensitive match for the string " start ", then let cue 's text track cue alignment be start alignment. If value is a case-sensitive match for the string " middle ", then let cue 's text track cue alignment be middle alignment. If value is a case-sensitive match for the string " end ", then let cue 's text track cue alignment be end alignment. If value is a case-sensitive match for the string " left ", then let cue 's text track cue alignment be left alignment. If value is a case-sensitive match for the string " right ", then let cue 's text track cue alignment be right alignment. If cue 's text track cue line position is not text track cue automatic line position or cue 's text track cue size is not 100 or cue 's text track cue writing direction is not horizontal, but cue 's text track cue region identifier is not the empty string, let cue 's text track cue region identifier be the empty string. Next setting: Continue to the next token, if any. Note Step 5 makes sure that no matter in which order the cue settings are provided, if the cue has a text track cue line position or a text track cue size setting or is text track cue vertical growing left or growing right writing direction, the text track cue region identifier will be ignored. When this specification says that a user agent is to Collect a Web VTT timestamp, the user agent must run the following steps: Let input and position be the same variables as those of the same name in the algorithm that invoked these steps. Let most significant units be minutes. If position is past the end of input, return an error and abort these steps. If the character indicated by position is not an ASCII digit, then return an error and abort these steps. Collect a sequence of characters that are ASCII digits, and let string be the collected substring. Interpret string as a base-ten integer. Let value 1 be that integer. If string is not exactly two characters in length, or if value 1 is greater than 59, let most significant units be hours. If position is beyond the end of input or if the character at position is not a U+003A COLON character (:), then return an error and abort these steps. Otherwise, move position forwards one character. Collect a sequence of characters that are ASCII digits, and let string be the collected substring. If string is not exactly two characters in length, return an error and abort these steps. Interpret string as a base-ten integer. Let value 2 be that integer. If most significant units is hours, or if position is not beyond the end of input and the character at position is a U+003A COLON character (:), run these substeps: If position is beyond the end of input or if the character at position is not a U+003A COLON character (:), then return an error and abort these steps. Otherwise, move position forwards one character. Collect a sequence of characters that are ASCII digits, and let string be the collected substring. If string is not exactly two characters in length, return an error and abort these steps. Interpret string as a base-ten integer. Let value 3 be that integer. Otherwise (if most significant units is not hours, and either position is beyond the end of input, or the character at position is not a U+003A COLON character (:)), let value 3 have the value of value 2, then value 2 have the value of value 1, then let value 1 equal zero. If position is beyond the end of input or if the character at position is not a U+002E FULL STOP character (. ), then return an error and abort these steps. Otherwise, move position forwards one character. Collect a sequence of characters that are ASCII digits, and let string be the collected substring. If string is not exactly three characters in length, return an error and abort these steps. Interpret string as a base-ten integer. Let value 4 be that integer. If value 2 is greater than 59 or if value 3 is greater than 59, return an error and abort these steps. Let result be value 1 ×60×60 + value 2 ×60 + value 3 + value 4 ∕1000. Return result.5.4 Web VTT cue text parsing rules A Web VTT Node Object is a conceptual construct used to represent components of Web VTT cue text so that its processing can be described without reference to the underlying syntax. There are two broad classes of Web VTT Node Objects: Web VTT Internal Node Objects and Web VTT Leaf Node Objects. Web VTT Internal Node Objects are those that can contain further Web VTT Node Objects. They are conceptually similar to elements in HTML or the DOM. Web VTT Internal Node Objects have an ordered list of child Web VTT Node Objects. The Web VTT Internal Node Object is said to be the parent of the children. Cycles do not occur; the parent-child relationships so constructed form a tree structure. Web VTT Internal Node Objects also have an ordered list of class names, known as their applicable classes, and a language, known as their applicable language, which is to be interpreted as a BCP 47 language code. [BCP47]There are several concrete classes of Web VTT Internal Node Objects: Lists of Web VTT Node Objects These are used as root nodes for trees of Web VTT Node Objects. Web VTT Class Objects These represent spans of text (a Web VTT cue class span) in Web VTT cue text, and are used to annotate parts of the cue with applicable classes without implying further meaning (such as italics or bold). Web VTT Italic Objects These represent spans of italic text (a Web VTT cue italics span) in Web VTT cue text. Web VTT Bold Objects These represent spans of bold text (a Web VTT cue bold span) in Web VTT cue text. Web VTT Underline Objects These represent spans of underline text (a Web VTT cue underline span) in Web VTT cue text. Web VTT Ruby Objects These represent spans of ruby (a Web VTT cue ruby span) in Web VTT cue text. Web VTT Ruby Text Objects These represent spans of ruby text (a Web VTT cue ruby text span) in Web VTT cue text. Web VTT Voice Objects These represent spans of text associated with a specific voice (a Web VTT cue voice span) in Web VTT cue text . A Web VTT Voice Object has a value, which is the name of the voice. Web VTT Language Objects These represent spans of text (a Web VTT cue language span) in Web VTT cue text, and are used to annotate parts of the cue where the applicable language might be different than the surrounding text's, without implying further meaning (such as italics or bold). Web VTT Leaf Node Objects are those that contain data, such as text, and cannot contain child Web VTT Node Objects. There are two concrete classes of Web VTT Leaf Node Objects: Web VTT Text Objects A fragment of text. A Web VTT Text Object has a value, which is the text it represents. Web VTT Timestamp Objects A timestamp. A Web VTT Timestamp Object has a value, in seconds and fractions of a second, which is the time represented by the timestamp. To parse a string input supposedly containing Web VTT cue text, user agents must use the following algorithm. This algorithm returns a list of Web VTT Node Objects. Let input be the string being parsed. Let position be a pointer into input, initially pointing at the start of the string. Let result be a list of Web VTT Node Objects, initially empty. Let current be the Web VTT Internal Node Object result. Let language stack be a stack of language codes, initially empty. Loop: If position is past the end of input, return result and abort these steps. Let token be the result of invoking the Web VTT cue text tokenizer. Run the appropriate steps given the type of token: If token is a string Create a Web VTT Text Object whose value is the value of the string token token. Append the newly created Web VTT Text Object to current. If token is a start tag How the start tag token token is processed depends on its tag name, as follows: If the tag name is " c "Attach a Web VTT Class Object. If the tag name is " i "Attach a Web VTT Italic Object. If the tag name is " b "Attach a Web VTT Bold Object. If the tag name is " u "Attach a Web VTT Underline Object. If the tag name is " ruby "Attach a Web VTT Ruby Object. If the tag name is " rt "If current is a Web VTT Ruby Object, then attach a Web VTT Ruby Text Object. If the tag name is " v "Attach a Web VTT Voice Object, and set its value to the token's annotation string, or the empty string if there is no annotation string. If the tag name is " lang "Push the value of the token's annotation string, or the empty string if there is no annotation string, onto the language stack; then attach a Web VTT Language Object. Otherwise Ignore the token. When the steps above say to attach a Web VTT Internal Node Object of a particular concrete class, the user agent must run the following steps: Create a new Web VTT Internal Node Object of the specified concrete class. Set the new object's list of applicable classes to the list of classes in the token, excluding any classes that are the empty string. Set the new object's applicable language to the top entry on the language stack, if the stack is not empty. Append the newly created node object to current. Let current be the newly created node object. If token is an end tag If any of the following conditions is true, then let current be the parent node of current. The tag name of the end tag token token is " c " and current is a Web VTT Class Object. The tag name of the end tag token token is " i " and current is a Web VTT Italic Object. The tag name of the end tag token token is " b " and current is a Web VTT Bold Object. The tag name of the end tag token token is " u " and current is a Web VTT Underline Object. The tag name of the end tag token token is " ruby " and current is a Web VTT Ruby Object. The tag name of the end tag token token is " rt " and current is a Web VTT Ruby Text Object. The tag name of the end tag token token is " v " and current is a Web VTT Voice Object. Otherwise, if the tag name of the end tag token token is " lang " and current is a Web VTT Language Object, then let current be the parent node of current, and pop the top value from the language stack. Otherwise, if the tag name of the end tag token token is " ruby " and current is a Web VTT Ruby Text Object, then let current be the parent node of the parent node of current. Otherwise, ignore the token. If token is a timestamp tag Let input be the tag value. Let position be a pointer into input, initially pointing at the start of the string. Collect a Web VTT timestamp. If that algorithm does not fail, and if position now points at the end of input (i.e. there are no trailing characters after the timestamp), then create a Web VTT Timestamp Object whose value is the collected time, then append it to current. Otherwise, ignore the token. Jump to the step labeled loop. The Web VTT cue text tokenizer is as follows. It emits a token, which is either a string (whose value is a sequence of characters), a start tag (with a tag name, a list of classes, and optionally an annotation), an end tag (with a tag name), or a timestamp tag (with a tag value). Let input and position be the same variables as those of the same name in the algorithm that invoked these steps. Let tokenizer state be Web VTT data state. Let result be the empty string. Let buffer be the empty string. Let classes be an empty list. Loop: If position is past the end of input, let c be an end-of-file marker. Otherwise, let c be the character in input pointed to by position. Note An end-of-file marker is not a Unicode character, it is used to end the tokenizer. Jump to the state given by tokenizer state: Web VTT data state Jump to the entry that matches the value of c: U+0026 AMPERSAND (&)Set buffer to c , set tokenizer state to the Web VTT escape state, and jump to the step labeled next. U+003C LESS-THAN SIGN (<)If result is the empty string, then set tokenizer state to the Web VTT tag state and jump to the step labeled next. Otherwise, return a string token whose value is result and abort these steps. End-of-file marker Return a string token whose value is result and abort these steps. Anything else Append c to result and jump to the step labeled next. Web VTT escape state Jump to the entry that matches the value of c: U+0026 AMPERSAND (&)Append buffer to result, set buffer to c, and jump to the step labeled next. Alphanumeric ASCII characters Append c to buffer and jump to the step labeled next. U+003B SEMICOLON character (;)First, examine the value of buffer: If buffer is the string " &amp ", then append a U+0026 AMPERSAND character (&) to result. If buffer is the string " &lt ", then append a U+003C LESS-THAN SIGN character (<) to result. If buffer is the string " &gt ", then append a U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN character (>) to result. If buffer is the string " &lrm ", then append a U+200E LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK character to result. If buffer is the string " &rlm ", then append a U+200F RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK character to result. If buffer is the string " &nbsp ", then append a U+00A0 NO-BREAK SPACE character to result. Otherwise, append buffer followed by a U+003B SEMICOLON character (;) to result. Then, in any case, set tokenizer state to the Web VTT data state, and jump to the step labeled next. U+003C LESS-THAN SIGN (<)End-of-file marker Append buffer to result, return a string token whose value is result, and abort these steps. Anything else Append buffer to result, append c to result, set tokenizer state to the Web VTT data state, and jump to the step labeled next. Web VTT tag state Jump to the entry that matches the value of c: U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION (tab) character U+000A LINE FEED (LF) character U+000C FORM FEED (FF) character U+0020 SPACE character Set tokenizer state to the Web VTT start tag annotation state, and jump to the step labeled next. U+002E FULL STOP character (. )Set tokenizer state to the Web VTT start tag class state, and jump to the step labeled next. U+002F SOLIDUS character (/)Set tokenizer state to the Web VTT end tag state, and jump to the step labeled next. ASCII digits Set result to c , set tokenizer state to the Web VTT timestamp tag state, and jump to the step labeled next. U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN character (>)Advance position to the next character in input, then jump to the next "end-of-file marker" entry below. End-of-file marker Return a start tag whose tag name is the empty string, with no classes and no annotation, and abort these steps. Anything else Set result to c , set tokenizer state to the Web VTT start tag state, and jump to the step labeled next. Web VTT start tag state Jump to the entry that matches the value of c: U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION (tab) character U+000C FORM FEED (FF) character U+0020 SPACE character Set tokenizer state to the Web VTT start tag annotation state, and jump to the step labeled next. U+000A LINE FEED (LF) character Set buffer to c , set tokenizer state to the Web VTT start tag annotation state, and jump to the step labeled next. U+002E FULL STOP character (. )Set tokenizer state to the Web VTT start tag class state, and jump to the step labeled next. U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN character (>)Advance position to the next character in input, then jump to the next "end-of-file marker" entry below. End-of-file marker Return a start tag whose tag name is result, with no classes and no annotation, and abort these steps. Anything else Append c to result and jump to the step labeled next. Web VTT start tag class state Jump to the entry that matches the value of c: U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION (tab) character U+000C FORM FEED (FF) character U+0020 SPACE character Append to classes an entry whose value is buffer, set buffer to the empty string, set tokenizer state to the Web VTT start tag annotation state, and jump to the step labeled next. U+000A LINE FEED (LF) character Append to classes an entry whose value is buffer, set buffer to c, set tokenizer state to the Web VTT start tag annotation state, and jump to the step labeled next. U+002E FULL STOP character (. )Append to classes an entry whose value is buffer, set buffer to the empty string, and jump to the step labeled next. U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN character (>)Advance position to the next character in input, then jump to the next "end-of-file marker" entry below. End-of-file marker Append to classes an entry whose value is buffer, then return a start tag whose tag name is result, with the classes given in classes but no annotation, and abort these steps. Anything else Append c to buffer and jump to the step labeled next. Web VTT start tag annotation state Jump to the entry that matches the value of c: U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN character (>)Advance position to the next character in input, then jump to the next "end-of-file marker" entry below. End-of-file marker Remove any leading or trailing space characters from buffer, and replace any sequence of one or more consecutive space characters in buffer with a single U+0020 SPACE character; then, return a start tag whose tag name is result, with the classes given in classes, and with buffer as the annotation, and abort these steps. Anything else Append c to buffer and jump to the step labeled next. Web VTT end tag state Jump to the entry that matches the value of c: U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN character (>)Advance position to the next character in input, then jump to the next "end-of-file marker" entry below. End-of-file marker Return an end tag whose tag name is result and abort these steps. Anything else Append c to result and jump to the step labeled next. Web VTT timestamp tag state Jump to the entry that matches the value of c: U+003E GREATER-THAN SIGN character (>)Advance position to the next character in input, then jump to the next "end-of-file marker" entry below. End-of-file marker Return a timestamp tag whose tag name is result and abort these steps. Anything else Append c to result and jump to the step labeled next. Next: Advance position to the next character in input. Jump to the step labeled loop.5.5 Web VTT cue text DOM construction rules To convert a list of Web VTT Node Objects to a DOM tree for Document owner, user agents must create a tree of DOM nodes that is isomorphous to the tree of Web VTT Node Objects , with the following mapping of Web VTT Node Objects to DOM nodes: Web VTT Node Object DOM node List of Web VTT Node Objects Document Fragment node Web VTT Region Object Document Fragment node Web VTT Class Object HTMLElement element node with local Name " span ". Web VTT Italic Object HTMLElement element node with local Name " i ". Web VTT Bold Object HTMLElement element node with local Name " b ". Web VTT Underline Object HTMLElement element node with local Name " u ". Web VTT Ruby Object HTMLElement element node with local Name " ruby ". Web VTT Ruby Text Object HTMLElement element node with local Name " rt ". Web VTT Voice Object HTMLElement element node with local Name " span ", and a title attribute set to the Web VTT Voice Object 's value. Web VTT Language Object HTMLElement element node with local Name " span ", and a lang attribute set to the Web VTT Language Object 's applicable language . Web VTT Text Object Text node whose character data is the value of the Web VTT Text Object . Web VTT Timestamp Object Processing Instruction node whose target is " timestamp " and whose data is a Web VTT timestamp representing the value of the Web VTT Timestamp Object, with all optional components included, with one leading zero if the hours component is less than ten, and with no leading zeros otherwise. HTMLElement nodes created as part of the mapping described above must have their namespace URI set to the HTML namespace , and, if the corresponding Web VTT Internal Node Object has any applicable classes, must have a class attribute set to the string obtained by concatenating all those classes, each separated from the next by a single U+0020 SPACE character. The owner Document attribute of all nodes in the DOM tree must be set to the given document owner. All characteristics of the DOM nodes that are not described above or dependent on characteristics defined above must be left at their initial values.6. Rendering6.1 Cues in isolation The rules for interpreting Web VTT cue text (e.g. for use as chapter titles) are as follows: Let nodes be the list of Web VTT Node Objects obtained by applying the Web VTT cue text parsing rules to the cue 's text track cue text....6.2 Cues with video6.2.1 Processing model The rules for updating the display of Web VTT text tracks render the text tracks of a media element (specifically, a video element), or of another playback mechanism, by applying the steps below. All the text tracks that use these rules for a given media element, or other playback mechanism, are rendered together, to avoid overlapping subtitles from multiple tracks. The output of the steps below is a set of CSS boxes that covers the rendering area of the media element or other playback mechanism, which user agents are expected to render in a manner suiting the user. The rules are as follows: If the media element is an audio element, or is another playback mechanism with no rendering area, abort these steps. There is nothing to render. Let video be the media element or other playback mechanism. Let output be an empty list of absolutely positioned CSS block boxes. If the user agent is exposing a user interface for video, add to output one or more completely transparent positioned CSS block boxes that cover the same region as the user interface. If the last time these rules were run, the user agent was not exposing a user interface for video, but now it is, optionally let reset be true. Otherwise, let reset be false. Let tracks be the subset of video 's list of text tracks that have as their rules for updating the text track rendering these rules for updating the display of Web VTT text tracks, and whose text track mode is showing. Let cues be an empty list of text track cues and regions be an empty list of text track regions. For each track track in tracks append to regions all the regions from track 's text track list of regions. For each track track in tracks, append to cues all the cues from track 's list of cues that have their text track cue active flag set. If reset is false, then, for each text track region region in regions let region Node be a Web VTT region object. Apply the following steps for each region Node: Prepare some variables for the application of CSS properties to region Node as follows: Let region Width be the text track region width. Let width be ' region Width vw' ('vw' is a CSS unit). [CSSVALUES]Let line Height be '0.0533vh' ('vh' is a CSS unit). [CSSVALUES] and region Height be the text track region lines. Let lines be ' line Height multiplied by region Height. Let viewport Anchor X be the x dimension of the text track region viewport anchor and region Anchor X be the x dimension of the text track region anchor. Let left Offset be region Anchor X multiplied by width divided by 100.0. Let left be left Offset subtracted from ' viewport Anchor X vw'. Let viewport Anchor Y be the y dimension of the text track region viewport anchor and region Anchor Y be the y dimension of the text track region anchor. Let top Offset be region Anchor Y multiplied by lines divided by 100.0. Let top be top Offset subtracted from ' viewport Anchor Y vh'. Apply the terms of the CSS specifications to region Node within the following constraints, thus obtaining a CSS box box positioned relative to an initial containing block: No style sheets are associated with region Node. (The region Nodes are subsequently restyled using style sheets after their boxes are generated, as described below. )Properties on region Node have their values set as defined in the next section. (That section uses some of the variables whose values were calculated earlier in this algorithm. )The viewport (and initial containing block) is video's rendering area. Add the CSS box box to output. If reset is false, then, for each text track cue cue in cues: if cue 's text track cue display state has a set of CSS boxes, then:if there is a Web VTT region whose region identifier is identical to cue 's text track cue region identifier:add those boxes to that region's box and remove cue from cues.otherwise:add those boxes to output and remove cue from cues. For each text track cue cue in cues that has not yet had corresponding CSS boxes added to output, in text track cue order, run the following substeps: If cue has an empty text track cue region identifier or there is no Web VTT region whose region identifier is identical to cue 's text track cue region identifier, run the following substeps: Let nodes be the list of Web VTT Node Objects obtained by applying the Web VTT cue text parsing rules to the cue 's text track cue text. Apply the Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm's Paragraph Level steps to the concatenation of the values of each Web VTT Text Object in nodes, in a pre-order, depth-first traversal, excluding Web VTT Ruby Text Objects and their descendants, to determine the paragraph embedding level of the first Unicode paragraph of the cue. [BIDI]Note Within a cue, paragraph boundaries are only denoted by Type B characters, such as U+000A LINE FEED (LF), U+0085 NEXT LINE (NEL), and U+2029 PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR. (This means each line of the cue is reordered as if it was a separate paragraph. )If the paragraph embedding level determined in the previous step is even (the paragraph direction is left-to-right), let direction be 'ltr', otherwise, let it be 'rtl'. If the text track cue writing direction is horizontal, then let writing-mode be 'horizontal-tb'. Otherwise, if the text track cue writing direction is vertical growing left, then let writing-mode be 'vertical-rl'. Otherwise, the text track cue writing direction is vertical growing right; let writing-mode be 'vertical-lr'. Determine the value of maximum size for cue as per the appropriate rules from the following list: If the text track cue writing direction is horizontal , the text track cue alignment is start , and direction is 'ltr'If the text track cue writing direction is horizontal , the text track cue alignment is end , and direction is 'rtl'If the text track cue writing direction is horizontal , and the text track cue alignment is left If the text track cue writing direction is vertical growing left , and the text track cue alignment is start or left If the text track cue writing direction is vertical growing right , and the text track cue alignment is start or left Let maximum size be the text track cue text position subtracted from 100. If the text track cue writing direction is horizontal , the text track cue alignment is end , and direction is 'ltr'If the text track cue writing direction is horizontal , the text track cue alignment is start , and direction is 'rtl'If the text track cue writing direction is horizontal , and the text track cue alignment is right If the text track cue writing direction is vertical growing left , and the text track cue alignment is end or right If the text track cue writing direction is vertical growing right , and the text track cue alignment is end or right Let maximum size be the text track cue text position. If the text track cue alignment is middle , the text track cue text position is less than or equal to 50Let maximum size be the text track cue text position multiplied by two. If the text track cue alignment is middle , the text track cue text position is greater than 50Let maximum size be the result of subtracting text track cue text position from 100 and then multiplying the result by two. If the text track cue size is less than maximum size, then let size be text track cue size. Otherwise, let size be maximum size. Determine the value of x-position or y-position for cue as per the appropriate rules from the following list: If the text track cue writing direction is horizontal , the text track cue alignment is start , and direction is 'ltr'If the text track cue writing direction is horizontal , the text track cue alignment is left , and direction is 'ltr'Let x-position be the text track cue text position. If the text track cue writing direction is horizontal , the text track cue alignment is end , and direction is 'rtl'If the text track cue writing direction is horizontal , the text track cue alignment is left , and direction is 'rtl'Let x-position be the text track cue text position subtracted from 100. If the text track cue writing direction is horizontal , the text track cue alignment is end , and direction is 'ltr'If the text track cue writing direction is horizontal , the text track cue alignment is right , and direction is 'ltr'Let x-position be the text track cue text position minus size. If the text track cue writing direction is horizontal , the text track cue alignment is start , and direction is 'rtl'If the text track cue writing direction is horizontal , the text track cue alignment is right , and direction is 'rtl'Let x-position be the text track cue text position subtracted from 100, minus size. If the text track cue writing direction is vertical growing left , and the text track cue alignment is start or left If the text track cue writing direction is vertical growing right , and the text track cue alignment is start or left Let y-position be the text track cue text position. If the text track cue writing direction is vertical growing left , and the text track cue alignment is end or right If the text track cue writing direction is vertical growing right , and the text track cue alignment is end or right Let y-position be the text track cue text position minus size. If the text track cue writing direction is horizontal , the text track cue alignment is middle , and direction is 'ltr'Let x-position be the text track cue text position minus half of size. If the text track cue writing direction is horizontal , the text track cue alignment is middle , and direction is 'rtl'Let x-position be the text track cue text position subtracted from 100, minus half of size. If the text track cue writing direction is vertical growing left , and the text track cue alignment is middle If the text track cue writing direction is vertical growing right , and the text track cue alignment is middle Let y-position be the text track cue text position minus half of size. Determine the value of whichever of x-position or y-position is not yet calculated for cue as per the appropriate rules from the following list: If the text track cue writing direction is horizontal , and the text track cue snap-to-lines flag is set Let y-position be zero. If the text track cue writing direction is horizontal , and the text track cue snap-to-lines flag is not set Let y-position be the text track cue computed line position. If the text track cue writing direction is vertical growing left , and the text track cue snap-to-lines flag is set If the text track cue writing direction is vertical growing right , and the text track cue snap-to-lines flag is set Let x-position be zero. If the text track cue writing direction is vertical growing left , and the text track cue snap-to-lines flag is not set If the text track cue writing direction is vertical growing right , and the text track cue snap-to-lines flag is not set Let x-position be the text track cue computed line position. Note These are not final positions, they are merely temporary positions used to calculate box dimensions below. If the text track cue snap-to-lines flag is set, then run the appropriate steps from the following list: If the text track cue writing direction is horizontal Let edge margin be a user-agent-defined horizontal length, expressed as a percentage of the width of the video 's rendering area, which will be used to define a margin at the left and right edges of the video into which this cue will not be placed. In situations with overscan, this margin should be sufficient to place the cue within the title-safe area. In the absence of overscan, this value should be picked for aesthetics (to avoid text being aligned precisely on the left or right edge of the video, which can be ugly). If x-position is less than edge margin and the sum of x-position and size is more than edge margin, then increase x-position by edge margin and decrease size by the same amount. Let right margin edge be 100 minus edge margin. If x-position is less than right margin edge, and the sum of x-position and size is more than right margin edge, then decrease size by edge margin. If the text track cue writing direction is vertical growing left If the text track cue writing direction is vertical growing right Let edge margin be a user-agent-defined vertical length, expressed as a percentage of the height of the video 's rendering area, which will be used to define a margin at the top and bottom edges of the video into which this cue will not be placed. In situations with overscan, this margin should be sufficient to place the cue within the title-safe area. In the absence of overscan, this value should be picked for aesthetics (to avoid text being aligned precisely on the top or bottom edge of the video, which can be ugly). If y-position is less than edge margin and the sum of y-position and size is more than edge margin, then increase y-position by edge margin and decrease size by the same amount. Let bottom margin edge be 100 minus edge margin. If y-position is less than bottom margin edge, and the sum of y-position and size is more than right margin edge, then decrease size by edge margin. If the text track cue writing direction is horizontal, then let width be ' size vw' and height be 'auto'. Otherwise, let width be 'auto' and height be ' size vh'. (These are CSS values used by the next section to set CSS properties for the rendering; 'vw' and 'vh' are CSS units.) [CSSVALUES]Let left be ' x-position vw' and top be ' y-position vh'. (These again are CSS values used by the next section to set CSS properties for the rendering; 'vw' and 'vh' are CSS units.) [CSSVALUES]Apply the terms of the CSS specifications to nodes within the following constraints, thus obtaining a set of CSS boxes positioned relative to an initial containing block: [CSS]The document tree is the tree of Web VTT Node Objects rooted at nodes. For the purposes of processing by the CSS specification, Web VTT Internal Node Objects are equivalent to elements with the same contents. For the purposes of processing by the CSS specification, Web VTT Text Objects are equivalent to Text nodes. No style sheets are associated with nodes. (The nodes are subsequently restyled using style sheets after their boxes are generated, as described below. )The children of the nodes must be wrapped in an anonymous box whose 'display' property has the value 'inline'. This is the Web VTT cue background box. Runs of children of Web VTT Ruby Objects that are not Web VTT Ruby Text Objects must be wrapped in anonymous boxes whose 'display' property has the value 'ruby-base'. [CSSRUBY]Properties on Web VTT Node Objects have their values set as defined in the next section. (That section uses some of the variables whose values were calculated earlier in this algorithm. )Text runs must be wrapped according to the CSS line-wrapping rules, with the following additional constraints: Regardless of the value of the 'white-space' property, lines must be wrapped at the edge of their containing blocks, even if doing so requires splitting a word where there is no line breaking opportunity. (Thus, normally text wraps as needed, but if there is a particularly long word, it does not overflow as it normally would in CSS, it is instead forcibly wrapped at the box's edge. )Regardless of the value of the 'white-space' property, any line breaks inserted by the user agent for the purposes of line wrapping must be placed so as to minimize Δ across each run of consecutive lines between preserved newlines in the source. Δ for a set of lines is defined as the sum over each line of the absolute of the difference between the line's length and the mean line length of the set. The viewport (and initial containing block) is video 's rendering area. Let boxes be the boxes generated as descendants of the initial containing block, along with their positions. If there are no line boxes in boxes , skip the remainder of these substeps for cue. The cue is ignored. Adjust the positions of boxes according to the appropriate steps from the following list: If cue 's text track cue snap-to-lines flag is set Many of the steps in this algorithm vary according to the text track cue writing direction. Steps labeled " Horizontal " must be followed only when the text track cue writing direction is horizontal, steps labeled " Vertical " must be followed when the text track cue writing direction is either vertical growing left or vertical growing right, steps labeled " Vertical Growing Left " must be followed only when the text track cue writing direction is vertical growing left, and steps labeled " Vertical Growing Right " must be followed only when the text track cue writing direction is vertical growing right. Horizontal: Let margin be a user-agent-defined vertical length which will be used to define a margin at the top and bottom edges of the video into which cues will not be placed. In situations with overscan, this margin should be sufficient to place all cues within the title-safe area. In the absence of overscan, this value should be picked for aesthetics (to avoid text being aligned precisely on the bottom edge of the video, which can be ugly). Vertical: Let margin be a user-agent-defined horizontal length which will be used to define a margin at the left and right edges of the video into which cues will not be placed. In situations with overscan, this margin should be sufficient to place all cues within the title-safe area. In the absence of overscan, this value should be picked for aesthetics (to avoid text being aligned precisely on the left or right edges of the video, which can be ugly). Horizontal: Let full dimension be the height of video 's rendering area. Vertical: Let full dimension be the width of video 's rendering area. These dimensions must not be adjusted for overscan. (The algorithm does that separately. )Let max dimension be full dimension - (2 × margin ). Horizontal: Let step be the height of the first line box in boxes. Vertical: Let step be the width of the first line box in boxes. If step is zero, then jump to the step labeled done positioning below. Let line position be the text track cue computed line position. Vertical Growing Left: Add one to line position then negate it. Let position be the result of multiplying step and line position. Vertical Growing Left: Decrease position by the width of the bounding box of the boxes in boxes, then increase position by step. If line position is less than zero then increase position by max dimension, and negate step. Otherwise, increase position by margin. Horizontal: Move all the boxes in boxes down by the distance given by position. Vertical: Move all the boxes in boxes right by the distance given by position. Remember the position of all the boxes in boxes as their specified position. Let best position be null. It will hold a position for boxes, much like specified position in the previous step. Let best position score be null. Let switched be false. Horizontal: Let title area be a box that covers all of the video 's rendering area except for a height of margin at the top of the rendering area and a height of margin at the bottom of the rendering area. Vertical: Let title area be a box that covers all of the video 's rendering area except for a width of margin at the left of the rendering area and a width of margin at the right of the rendering area. Step loop: If none of the boxes in boxes would overlap any of the boxes in output, and all of the boxes in output are entirely within the title area box, then jump to the step labeled done positioning below. Let current position score be the percentage of the area of the bounding box of the boxes in boxes that is outside the title area box. If best position is null (i.e. this is the first run through this loop, switched is still false, the boxes in boxes are at their specified position, and best position score is still null), or if current position score is a lower percentage than that in best position score, then remember the position of all the boxes in boxes as their best position, and set best position score to current position score. Horizontal: If step is negative and the top of the first line box in boxes is now above the top of the title area, or if step is positive and the bottom of the first line box in boxes is now below the bottom of the title area, jump to the step labeled switch direction. Vertical: If step is negative and the left edge of the first line box in boxes is now to the left of the left edge of the title area, or if step is positive and the right edge of the first line box in boxes is now to the right of the right edge of the title area, jump to the step labeled switch direction. Horizontal: Move all the boxes in boxes down by the distance given by step. (If step is negative, then this will actually result in an upwards movement of the boxes in absolute terms. )Vertical: Move all the boxes in boxes right by the distance given by step. (If step is negative, then this will actually result in a leftwards movement of the boxes in absolute terms. )Jump back to the step labeled step loop. Switch direction: If switched is true, then move all the boxes in boxes back to their best position, and jump to the step labeled done positioning below. Otherwise, move all the boxes in boxes back to their specified position as determined in the earlier step. Negate step. Set switched to true. Jump back to the step labeled step loop. If cue 's text track cue snap-to-lines flag is not set Set up x and y as follows: If the text track cue writing direction is horizontal , and direction is 'ltr'Let x be a percentage given by the text track cue text position, and let y be a percentage given by the text track cue computed line position. If the text track cue writing direction is horizontal , and direction is 'rtl'Let x be a percentage given by the text track cue text position subtracted from 100, and let y be a percentage given by the text track cue computed line position. If the text track cue writing direction is vertical growing left Let x be a percentage given by the text track cue computed line position subtracted from 100, and let y be a percentage given by the text track cue text position. If the text track cue writing direction is vertical growing right Let x be a percentage given by the text track cue computed line position, and let y be a percentage given by the text track cue text position. Position the boxes in boxes such that the point x % along the width of the bounding box of the boxes in boxes is x % of the way across the width of the video 's rendering area, and the point y % along the height of the bounding box of the boxes in boxes is y % of the way across the height of the video 's rendering area, while maintaining the relative positions of the boxes in boxes to each other. If none of the boxes in boxes would overlap any of the boxes in output , and all the boxes in output are within the video 's rendering area, then jump to the step labeled done positioning below. If there is a position to which the boxes in boxes can be moved while maintaining the relative positions of the boxes in boxes to each other such that none of the boxes in boxes would overlap any of the boxes in output, and all the boxes in output would be within the video 's rendering area, then move the boxes in boxes to the closest such position to their current position, and then jump to the step labeled done positioning below. If there are multiple such positions that are equidistant from their current position, use the highest one amongst them; if there are several at that height, then use the leftmost one amongst them. Otherwise, jump to the step labeled done positioning below. (The boxes will unfortunately overlap. )Done positioning: If there are any line boxes in the (possibly now repositioned) boxes that do not completely fit inside video 's rendering area, remove those offending line boxes from boxes. Let cue 's text track cue display state have the CSS boxes in boxes. Add the CSS boxes in boxes to output. Otherwise run the following substeps: Let region be the Web VTT region whose region identifier matches the text track cue region identifier of cue. If region 's text track region scroll setting is ' up ' and region already has one child, set region 's 'transition-property' to 'top' and 'transition-duration' to '0.433s'. Let nodes be the list of Web VTT Node Objects obtained by applying the Web VTT cue text parsing rules to the cue 's text track cue text. Apply the Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm's Paragraph Level steps to the concatenation of the values of each Web VTT Text Object in nodes, in a pre-order, depth-first traversal, excluding Web VTT Ruby Text Objects and their descendants, to determine the paragraph embedding level of the first Unicode paragraph of the cue. [BIDI]Note Within a cue, paragraph boundaries are only denoted by Type B characters, such as U+000A LINE FEED (LF), U+0085 NEXT LINE (NEL), and U+2029 PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR. (This means each line of the cue is reordered as if it was a separate paragraph. )If the paragraph embedding level determined in the previous step is even (the paragraph direction is left-to-right), let direction be 'ltr', otherwise, let it be 'rtl'. Let offset be the text track cue text position multiplied by the width of the Web VTT region object whose region identifier is identical to cue 's text track cue region identifier and divided by 100 (i.e. interpret it as a percentage of the region width). If direction is 'ltr' and 'text-align' is 'start' or 'left', or if direction is 'rtl' and 'text-align' is 'end' or 'left', let left be offset and let right be 'auto'If direction is 'ltr' and 'text-align' is 'end' or 'right', or if direction is 'rtl' and 'text-align' is 'start' or 'right', let left be 'auto' and right be offset. If 'text-align' is 'middle', ignore the offset. Apply the terms of the CSS specifications to nodes in the same way that they are applied to in step 10, substep 12 is applied to nodes of a cue that is not part of a region, except that the initial containing block is region. Let boxes be the boxes generated as descendants of the initial containing block, along with their positions. If there are no line boxes in boxes, skip the remainder of these substeps for cue. The cue is ignored. Let cue 's text track cue display state have the CSS boxes in boxes. Add the CSS boxes in boxes to region. Return output. User agents may allow the user to override the above algorithm's positioning of cues, e.g. by dragging them to another location on the video, or even off the video entirely.6.2.2 Applying CSS properties to Web VTT Node Objects When following the rules for updating the display of Web VTT text tracks, user agents must set properties of Web VTT Node Objects at the CSS user agent cascade layer as defined in this section. [CSS]Initialize the (root) list of Web VTT Node Objects with the following CSS settings:the 'position' property must be set to 'absolute'the 'unicode-bidi' property must be set to 'plaintext'the 'direction' property must be set to directionthe 'writing-mode' property must be set to writing-modethe 'top' property must be set to topthe 'left' property must be set to leftthe 'width' property must be set to widththe 'height' property must be set to height The variables direction , writing-mode, top, left, width, and height are the values with those names determined by the rules for updating the display of Web VTT text tracks for the text track cue from whose text the list of Web VTT Node Objects was constructed. The 'text-align' property on the (root) list of Web VTT Node Objects must be set to the value in the second cell of the row of the table below whose first cell is the value of the corresponding cue 's text track cue alignment: Text track cue alignment 'text-align' value Start alignment 'start'Middle alignment 'center'End alignment 'end'Left alignment 'left'Right alignment 'right'The 'font' shorthand property on the (root) list of Web VTT Node Objects must be set to '5vh sans-serif'. [CSSRUBY] [CSSVALUES]The 'color' property on the (root) list of Web VTT Node Objects must be set to 'rgba (255,255,255,1)'. [CSSCOLOR]The 'background' shorthand property on the Web VTT cue background box must be set to 'rgba (0,0,0,0.8)'. [CSSCOLOR]A text outline or stroke may also be set on the (root) list of Web VTT Node Objects, if supported. The 'white-space' property on the (root) list of Web VTT Node Objects must be set to 'pre-line'. [CSS]The 'font-style' property on Web VTT Italic Objects must be set to 'italic'. The 'font-weight' property on Web VTT Bold Objects must be set to 'bold'. The 'text-decoration' property on Web VTT Underline Objects must be set to 'underline'. The 'display' property on Web VTT Ruby Objects must be set to 'ruby'. [CSSRUBY]The 'display' property on Web VTT Ruby Text Objects must be set to 'ruby-text'. [CSSRUBY]Every Web VTT region object is initialised with the following CSS settings:the 'position' property must be set to 'absolute'the 'writing-mode' property must be set to 'horizontal-tb'the 'background' shorthand property must be set to 'rgba (0,0,0,0.8)'the 'word-wrap' property must be set to 'break-word'the 'overflow-wrap' property must be set to 'break-word'the 'font' shorthand property must be set to ' (0.0533/1.3)vh sans-serif'the 'line-height' shorthand property must be set to '0.0533vh'the 'color' property must be set to 'rgba (255,255,255,1)'the 'overflow' property must be set to 'hidden'the 'width' property must be set to widththe 'min-height' property must be set to '0px'the 'max-height' property must be set to heightthe 'left' property must be set to leftthe 'right' property must be set to rightthe 'top' property must be set to topthe 'display' property must be set to 'inline-flex'the 'flex-flow' property must be set to 'column'the 'justify-content' property must be set to 'flex-end'The variables width, height, top, and left are the values with those names determined by the rules for updating the display of Web VTT text tracks for the text track region from which the Web VTT region object was constructed. The children of every Web VTT region object are further initialised with these CSS settings:the 'position' property must be set to 'relative'the 'unicode-bidi' property must be set to 'plaintext'the 'width' property must be set to 'auto'the 'height' property must be set to heightthe 'left' property must be set to leftthe 'text-align' property must be set as described for the root List of Web VTT Node Objects not part of a region All other non-inherited properties must be set to their initial values; inherited properties on the root list of Web VTT Node Objects must inherit their values from the media element for which the text track cue is being rendered, if any. If there is no media element (i.e. if the text track is being rendered for another media playback mechanism), then inherited properties on the root list of Web VTT Node Objects and the Web VTT region objects must take their initial values. If there are style sheets that apply to the media element or other playback mechanism, then they must be interpreted as defined in the next section.6.2.3 CSS extensions When a user agent is rendering one or more text track cues according to the rules for updating the display of Web VTT text tracks, Web VTT Node Objects in the list of Web VTT Node Objects used in the rendering can be matched by certain pseudo-selectors as defined below. These selectors can begin or stop matching individual Web VTT Node Objects while a cue is being rendered, even in between applications of the rules for updating the display of Web VTT text tracks (which are only run when the set of active cues changes). User agents that support the pseudo-element described below must dynamically update renderings accordingly. When either 'white-space' or one of the properties corresponding to the 'font' shorthand (including 'line-height') changes value, then the text track cue 's text track cue display state must be emptied and the text track 's rules for updating the text track rendering must be immediately rerun. Pseudo-elements apply to elements that are matched by selectors. For the purpose of this section, that element is the matched element. The pseudo-elements defined in the following sections affect the styling of parts of text track cues that are being rendered for the matched element. Note If the matched element is not a video element, the pseudo-elements defined below won't have any effect according to this specification. A CSS user agent that implements the text tracks model must implement the '::cue' and '::cue ( selector )' pseudo-elements, and the ':past' and ':future' pseudo-classes.6.2.3.1 The '::cue' pseudo-element The ' ::cue ' pseudo-element (with no argument) matches any list of Web VTT Node Objects constructed for the matched element, with the exception that the properties corresponding to the 'background' shorthand must be applied to the Web VTT cue background box rather than the list of Web VTT Node Objects. The following properties apply to the '::cue' pseudo-element with no argument; other properties set on the pseudo-element must be ignored:'color''opacity''visibility''text-decoration''text-outline''text-shadow'the properties corresponding to the 'background' shorthandthe properties corresponding to the 'outline' shorthandthe properties corresponding to the 'font' shorthand, including 'line-height''white-space'The ' ::cue ( selector) ' pseudo-element with an argument must have an argument that consists of a group of selectors. It matches any Web VTT Internal Node Object constructed for the matched element that also matches the given group of selectors, with the nodes being treated as follows: The document tree against which the selectors are matched is the tree of Web VTT Node Objects rooted at the list of Web VTT Node Objects for the cue. Web VTT Internal Node Objects are elements in the tree. Web VTT Leaf Node Objects cannot be matched. For the purposes of element type selectors, the names of Web VTT Internal Node Objects are as given by the following table, where objects having the concrete class given in a cell in the first column have the name given by the second column of the same row: Concrete class Name Web VTT Class Objects c Web VTT Italic Objects i Web VTT Bold Objects b Web VTT Underline Objects u Web VTT Ruby Objects ruby Web VTT Ruby Text Objects rt Web VTT Voice Objects v Web VTT Language Objects lang Other elements (specifically, lists of Web VTT Node Objects ) No explicit name. For the purposes of element type and universal selectors, Web VTT Internal Node Objects are considered as being in the namespace expressed as the empty string. For the purposes of attribute selector matching, Web VTT Internal Node Objects have no attributes, except for Web VTT Voice Objects, which have a single attribute named " voice " whose value is the value of the Web VTT Voice Object, and Web VTT Language Objects, which have a single attribute named " lang " whose value is the object's applicable language. For the purposes of class selector matching, Web VTT Internal Node Objects have the classes described as the Web VTT Node Object's applicable classes. For the purposes of the :lang () pseudo-class, Web VTT Internal Node Objects have the language described as the Web VTT Node Object's applicable language. For the purposes of ID selector matching, lists of Web VTT Node Objects have the ID given by the cue's text track cue identifier , if any. The following properties apply to the '::cue ()' pseudo-element with an argument:'color''opacity''visibility''text-decoration''text-outline''text-shadow'the properties corresponding to the 'background' shorthandthe properties corresponding to the 'outline' shorthandproperties relating to the transition and animation features In addition, the following properties apply to the '::cue ()' pseudo-element with an argument when the selector does not contain the ':past' and ':future' pseudo-classes:the properties corresponding to the 'font' shorthand, including 'line-height''white-space'Properties that do not apply must be ignored. As a special exception, the properties corresponding to the 'background' shorthand, when they would have been applied to the list of Web VTT Node Objects, must instead be applied to the Web VTT cue background box.6.2.3.2 The ':past' and ':future' pseudo-classes The ':past' and ':future' pseudo-classes sometimes match Web VTT Node Objects. [SELECTORS]The ':past' pseudo-class only matches Web VTT Node Objects that are in the past. A Web VTT Node Object c is in the past if, in a pre-order, depth-first traversal of the text track cue 's list of Web VTT Node Objects, there exists a Web VTT Timestamp Object whose value is less than the current playback position of the media element that is the matched element, entirely after the Web VTT Node Objectc. The ':future' pseudo-class only matches Web VTT Node Objects that are in the future. A Web VTT Node Object c is in the future if, in a pre-order, depth-first traversal of the text track cue 's list of Web VTT Node Objects, there exists a Web VTT Timestamp Object whose value is greater than the current playback position of the media element that is the matched element, entirely before the Web VTT Node Object c.6.2.3.3 The '::cue-region' pseudo-element Pseudo-elements apply to elements that are matched by selectors. For the purpose of this section, that element is the matched element. The pseudo-element defined below affects the styling of text track regions that are being rendered for the matched element. Note If the matched element is not a video element, the pseudo-element defined below won't have any effect according to this specification. The ' ::cue-region ' pseudo-element (with no argument) matches any list of Web VTT region objects constructed for the matched element. The same properties that apply to '::cue' apply to the '::cue-region' pseudo-element with no argument; other properties set on the pseudo-element must be ignored. When a user agent is rendering one or more text track regions according to the rules for updating the display of Web VTT text tracks, Web VTT region objects used in the rendering can be matched by the above pseudo-element. User agents that support the pseudo-element must dynamically update renderings accordingly. When either 'white-space' or one of the properties corresponding to the 'font' shorthand (including 'line-height') changes value, then the text track cue display state of all the text track cues in the region must be emptied and the text track's rules for updating the text track rendering must be immediately rerun. A CSS user agent that implements the text tracks model must implement the '::cue-region' pseudo-element.7. Web VTT API for Browsers7.1 VTTCue interface The following interface is used to expose Web VTT cues in the DOM API:enum Auto Keyword { "auto" }; enum Direction Setting { "" /* horizontal */, "rl", "lr" }; enum Align Setting { "start", "middle", "end", "left", "right" }; [ Constructor (double start Time, double end Time, DOMString text)] interface VTTCue : Text Track Cue { attribute DOMString region Id ; attribute Direction Setting vertical ; attribute boolean snap To Lines ; attribute (long or Auto Keyword) line ; attribute long position ; attribute long size ; attribute Align Setting align ; attribute DOMString text ; Document Fragment get Cue As HTML (); };cue = new VTTCue ( start Time, end Time, text )Returns a new VTTCue object, for use with the add Cue () method. The start Time argument sets the text track cue start time. The end Time argument sets the text track cue end time. The text argument sets the text track cue text.cue . region Id Returns a string representing the text track cue region identifier of the text track region that the VTTCue object belongs to. If the VTTCue doesn't belong to a text track region, returns the empty string. Can be set.cue . vertical [ = value ]Returns a string representing the text track cue writing direction, as follows: If it is horizontal The empty string. If it is vertical growing left The string " rl ". If it is vertical growing right The string " lr ". Can be set.cue . snap To Lines [ = value ]Returns true if the text track cue snap-to-lines flag is set, false otherwise. Can be set.cue . line [ = value ]Returns the text track cue line position. In the case of the value being auto, the string " auto " is returned. Can be set.cue . position [ = value ]Returns the text track cue text position. Can be set.cue . size [ = value ]Returns the text track cue size. Can be set.cue . align [ = value ]Returns a string representing the text track cue alignment, as follows: If it is start alignment The string " start ". If it is middle alignment The string " middle ". If it is end alignment The string " end ". If it is left alignment The string " left ". If it is right alignment The string " right ". Can be set.cue . text [ = value ]Returns the text track cue text in raw unparsed form. Can be set.fragment = cue . get Cue As HTML ()Returns the text track cue text as a Document Fragment of HTML elements and other DOM nodes. The VTTCue ( start Time, end Time, text) constructor, when invoked, must run the following steps: Create a new text track cue. Let cue be that text track cue. Let cue 's text track cue start time be the value of the start Time argument, interpreted as a time in seconds. Let cue 's text track cue end time be the value of the end Time argument, interpreted as a time in seconds. Let cue 's text track cue text be the value of the text argument, and let the rules for rendering the cue in isolation be the rules for interpreting Web VTT cue text. Let cue 's text track cue region identifier be the empty string. Let cue 's text track cue identifier be the empty string. Let cue 's text track cue pause-on-exit flag be false. Let cue 's text track cue writing direction be horizontal. Let cue 's region identifier be the empty string. Let cue 's text track cue snap-to-lines flag be true. Let cue 's text track cue line position be auto. Let cue 's text track cue text position be 50. Let cue 's text track cue size be 100. Let cue 's text track cue alignment be middle alignment. Return the VTTCue object representing cue. The region Id attribute, on getting, must return the text track cue region identifier of the text track cue that the VTTCue object represents; or the empty string otherwise. On setting, the text track cue region identifier must be set to the new value if that value refers to a Web VTT region, or unset otherwise. The vertical attribute, on getting, must return the string from the second cell of the row in the table below whose first cell is the text track cue writing direction of the text track cue that the VTTCue object represents:text track cue writing direction direction value Horizontal " " (the empty string)Vertical growing left " rl "Vertical growing right " lr "On setting, the text track cue writing direction must be set to the value given in the first cell of the row in the table above whose second cell is a case-sensitive match for the new value, if any. If none of the values match, then the user agent must instead throw a Syntax Error exception. The snap To Lines attribute, on getting, must return true if the text track cue snap-to-lines flag of the text track cue that the VTTCue object represents is set; or false otherwise. On setting, the text track cue snap-to-lines flag must be set if the new value is true, and must be unset otherwise. The line attribute, on getting, must return the text track cue line position of the text track cue that the VTTCue object represents. The special value auto must be represented as the string " auto ". On setting, the text track cue line position must be set to the new value; if the new value is the string " auto ", then it must be interpreted as the special value auto. The position attribute, on getting, must return the text track cue text position of the text track cue that the VTTCue object represents. On setting, if the new value is negative or greater than 100, then an Index Size Error exception must be thrown. Otherwise, the text track cue text position must be set to the new value. The size attribute, on getting, must return the text track cue size of the text track cue that the VTTCue object represents. On setting, if the new value is negative or greater than 100, then an Index Size Error exception must be thrown. Otherwise, the text track cue size must be set to the new value. The align attribute, on getting, must return the string from the second cell of the row in the table below whose first cell is the text track cue alignment of the text track cue that the VTTCue object represents: Text track cue alignment align value Start alignment " start "Middle alignment " middle "End alignment " end "Left alignment " left "Right alignment " right "On setting, the text track cue alignment must be set to the value given in the first cell of the row in the table above whose second cell is a case-sensitive match for the new value, if any. If none of the values match, then the user agent must instead throw a Syntax Error exception. The text attribute, on getting, must return the raw text track cue text of the text track cue that the VTTCue object represents. On setting, the text track cue text must be set to the new value. The get Cue As HTML () method must convert the text track cue text to a Document Fragment for the script's document of the entry script by applying the Web VTT cue text DOM construction rules to the result of applying the Web VTT cue text parsing rules to the text track cue text.7.2 Extension of the Text Track interface for region support The following attribute and methods are introduced into the Text Track object:interface Text Track : Event Target { attribute Text Track Region List? regions ; void add Region ( Text Track Region region); void remove Region ( Text Track Region region); };text Track . regions Returns the text track list of regions, as a Text Track Region List object.text Track . add Region (region)Adds the given region to Text Track 's text track list of regions. If that list already contains a region with the same identifier, update that region's attributes with those of region.text Track . remove Region (region)Removes the given region from Text Track 's text track list of regions. If the text track mode of the text track that the Text Track object represents is not the text track disabled mode, then the regions attribute must return a live Text Track Region List object that represents the text track list of regions of the text track. Otherwise, it must return null. When an object is returned, the same object must be returned each time. The add Region ( region) method of Text Track objects, when invoked, must run the following steps: If the given region is in a text track list of regions, then remove region from that text track list of regions. If the method's Text Track object's text track list of regions contains a region with the same identifier as region replace the values of that region's width, lines, anchor point, viewport anchor point and scroll attributes with those of region. Otherwise: add region to the method's Text Track object's text track list of regions. The remove Region ( region) method of Text Track objects, when invoked, must run the following steps: If the given region is not currently listed in the method's Text Track object's text track list of regions, then throw a Not Found Error exception. Otherwise: remove region from that text track list of regions.7.3 Text Track Region interface The following interface is used to expose Web VTT regions in the DOM API: [Constructor] interface Text Track Region : Event Target { readonly attribute Text Track? track ; attribute DOMString id ; attribute double width ; attribute long lines ; attribute double region Anchor X ; attribute double region Anchor Y ; attribute double viewport Anchor X ; attribute double viewport Anchor Y ; attribute DOMString scroll ; };region = new Text Track Region ()Returns a new Text Track Region object, for use with the add Region () method.region . track Returns the Text Track object to which this text track region belongs, if any, or null otherwise.region . id Returns the text track region identifier. Can be set.region . width Returns the text track region width as a percentage of the video width. Can be set. Throws an Index Size Error if the new value is not in the range 0.0% .. 100.0%.region . lines Returns the text track region height as a number of lines. Can be set.region . region Anchor XReturns the text track region anchor X offset as a percentage of the region width. Can be set. Throws an Index Size Error if the new value is not in the range 0.0% .. 100.0%.region . region Anchor XReturns the text track region anchor Y offset as a percentage of the region height. Can be set. Throws an Index Size Error if the new value is not in the range 0.0% .. 100.0%.region . viewport Anchor XReturns the text track region viewport anchor X offset as a percentage of the video width. Can be set. Throws an Index Size Error if the new value is not in the range 0.0% .. 100.0%.region . viewport Anchor YReturns the text track region viewport anchor Y offset as a percentage of the video height. Can be set. Throws an Index Size Error if the new value is not in the range 0.0% .. 100.0%.region . scroll Returns a string representing the text track region scroll as follows: If it is unset. The empty string. If it is up The string " up ". Can be set. The Text Track Region () constructor, when invoked, must run the following steps: Create a new text track region. Let region be that text track region. Let region 's text track region identifier be the empty string. Let region 's text track region width be 100. Let region 's text track region lines be 3. Let region 's text track region region Anchor X be 0. Let region 's text track region region Anchor Y be 100. Let region 's text track region viewport Anchor X be 0. Let region 's text track region viewport Anchor Y be 100. Let region 's text track region scroll be the empty string. Return the Text Track Region object representing region. The track attribute, on getting, must return the Text Track object of the text track in whose list of regions the text track region that the Text Track Region object represents finds itself, if any; or null otherwise. The id attribute, on getting, must return the text track region identifier of the text track region that the Text Track Region object represents. On setting, the text track region identifier must be set to the new value. The width attribute, on getting, must return the text track region width of the text track region that the Text Track Region object represents, in percent of video width. On setting, the text track region width must be set to the new value, interpreted as a percentage. The lines attribute, on getting, must return the text track region lines of the text track region that the Text Track Region object represents, as number of lines. On setting, the text track region lines must be set to the new value, interpreted as a number of lines. The region Anchor X attribute, on getting, must return the text track region anchor X offset of the text track region that the Text Track Region object represents, in percent of region width. On setting, the text track region anchor X distance must be set to the new value, interpreted as a percentage. The region Anchor Y attribute, on getting, must return the text track region anchor Y offset of the text track region that the Text Track Region object represents, in percent of region height. On setting, the text track region anchor Y distance must be set to the new value, interpreted as a percentage. The viewport Anchor X attribute, on getting, must return the text track region viewport anchor X offset of the text track region that the Text Track Region object represents, in percent of video width. On setting, the text track region viewport anchor X distance must be set to the new value, interpreted as a percentage. The viewport Anchor Y attribute, on getting, must return the text track region viewport anchor Y offset of the text track region that the Text Track Region object represents, in percent of video height. On setting, the text track region viewport anchor Y distance must be set to the new value, interpreted as a percentage. The scroll attribute, on getting, must return the string from the second cell of the row in the table below whose first cell is the text track region scroll setting of the text track region that the Text Track Region object represents: Text track region scroll setting scroll value None " " (the empty string)Up " up "On setting, the text track region scroll must be set to the value given on the first cell of the row in the table above whose second cell is a case-sensitive match for the new value, if any. If none of the values match, then the user agent must instead throw a Syntax Error exception.7.4 Text Track Region List interfaceinterface Text Track Region List : Event Target { readonly attribute unsigned long length ; getter Text Track Region (unsigned long index); Text Track Region? get Region By Id (DOMString id); };region List . length Returns the number of regions in the list.region List [index]Returns the text track region with index index in the list. The regions are sorted in the order in which they were inserted.region List . get Region By Id ( id )Returns the first text track region with text track region identifier id. Returns null if none of the regions have the given identifier or if the argument is the empty string. A Text Track Region List object represents a dynamically updating list of text track regions in a given order. The length attribute must return the number of regions in the list represented by the Text Track Region List object. The supported property indices of a Text Track Region List object at any instant are the numbers from zero to the number of regions in the list represented by the Text Track Region List object minus one, if any. If there are no regions in the list, there are no supported property indices. To determine the value of an indexed property for a given index index, the user agent must return the index of the text track region in the list represented by the Text Track Region List object. The get Region By Id ( id) method, when called with an argument other than the empty string, must return the first text track region in the list represented by the Text Track Region List object whose text track region identifier is id, if any, or null otherwise. If the argument is the empty string, then the method must return null.8. IANA considerations8.1 text/vtt This registration is for community review and will be submitted to the IESG for review, approval, and registration with IANA. Type name:text Subtype name:vtt Required parameters: No parameters Optional parameters: No parameters Encoding considerations:8bit (always UTF-8)Security considerations: Text track files themselves pose no immediate risk unless sensitive information is included within the data. Implementations, however, are required to follow specific rules when processing text tracks, to ensure that certain origin-based restrictions are honored. Failure to correctly implement these rules can result in information leakage, cross-site scripting attacks, and the like. Interoperability considerations: Rules for processing both conforming and non-conforming content are defined in this specification. Published specification: This document is the relevant specification. Applications that use this media type: Web browsers and other video players. Additional information: Magic number (s): Web VTT files all begin with one of the following byte sequences (where "EOF" means the end of the file): EF BB BF 57 45 42 56 54 54 0AEF BB BF 57 45 42 56 54 54 0DEF BB BF 57 45 42 56 54 54 20EF BB BF 57 45 42 56 54 54 09EF BB BF 57 45 42 56 54 54 EOF57 45 42 56 54 54 0A57 45 42 56 54 54 0D57 45 42 56 54 54 2057 45 42 56 54 54 0957 45 42 56 54 54 EOFNote (An optional UTF-8 BOM, the ASCII string " WEBVTT ", and finally a space, tab, line break, or the end of the file. )File extension (s):" vtt "Macintosh file type code (s): No specific Macintosh file type codes are recommended for this type. Person & email address to contact for further information: Silvia Pfeiffer <[email protected]>Intended usage: Common Restrictions on usage: No restrictions apply. Authors: Silvia Pfeiffer <[email protected]>, Ian Hickson <[email protected]>Change controller: W3CFragment identifiers have no meaning with text/vtt resources.9. References All references are normative unless marked "Non-normative". [BCP47]Tags for Identifying Languages; Matching of Language Tags, A. Phillips, M. Davis. IETF. [BIDI]UAX #9: Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm, M. Davis. Unicode Consortium. [CSS]Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 1, B. Bos, T. Çelik, I. Hickson, H. Lie. W3C. [CSSCOLOR]CSS Color Module Level 3, T. Çelik, C. Lilley, L. Baron. W3C. [CSSRUBY]CSS3 Ruby Module, R. Ishida. W3C. [CSSVALUES]CSS3 Values and Units, H. Lie, T. Atkins, E. Etemad. W3C. [HTML]HTML, I. Hickson. WHATWG. [HTML5]HTML 5.1, R. Berjon, T. Leithead, E. Doyle Navara, E. O'Connor, S. Pfeiffer. W3C. [RFC3629]UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646, F. Yergeau. IETF. [SELECTORS]Selectors, E. Etemad, T. Çelik, D. Glazman, I. Hickson, P. Linss, J. Williams. W3C.10. Acknowledgements Thanks to the Sub Rip community, including in particular Zuggy and ai4spam, for their work on the Sub Rip software program whose SRT file format was used as the basis for the Web VTT text track file format. Thanks to the many contributors to the HTML standard, where Web VTT was originally specified. [HTML], [HTML5]Thanks to the following active contributors to this spec: Victor Carbune, Eric Carlson, Anna Cavender, Cyril Concolato, John Foliot, Lawrence Forooghian, Ralph Giles, Loretta Guarino Reid, Philip Jägenstedt, Anne van Kesteren, Glenn Maynard, Ronny Mennerich, Ms2ger, Frank Olivier, Giuseppe Pascale, Simon Pieters, David Singer. See a problem? Select text and. See a problem? Select text and.
D1254455	.	Next 5 Days Current Weather53°FReal Feel® 56°Clear See Hourly >Early AMApr 1252°Lo Real Feel® 54°Clear More Today Apr 1273°Hi Real Feel® 79°Mostly sunny and pleasant More Tonight Apr 1258°Lo Real Feel® 59°Clear More Looking Ahead Thunderstorms, some strong, Sunday Video Weather Forecast Severe weather threat looms for central USSee Weather Videos Savannah Radar See Weather Radar Southeast U. S. Weather Reports LATEST TRENDING NATIONAL NEWS BLOGSMulti-day severe outbreak, isolated tornadoes loom across central, southern USWeather News- April 11, 2018, 3:20:55 PM EDTThe risk of a severe thunderstorms, including a few tornadoes, will extend from the central and southern Plains to the Mississippi, Ohio and Tennesse Valleys on Friday and Saturday. Northern lights may glow over Canada, northern US Wednesday night following solar storm Weather News- April 11, 2018, 8:50:14 AM EDTA minor solar storm may cause the aurora dance across the sky in the higher latitudes through the middle of the week. Unchecked carbon emissions could jeopardize plants, animals in world's most vital habitats Weather News- April 11, 2018, 9:30:27 AM EDTIf carbon emissions continue to rise unchecked, half of the plant and animal species in the world’s most important natural places are at risk of local extinction by the turn of the century. Why washing dishes or showering during a storm can be extremely dangerous Weather News Experts explain why it's unsafe to take a shower during a thunderstorm.
D897488	Do People Need Higher Education to Succeed?	Do People Need Higher Education to Succeed? Published on March 18, 2013Josh Bersin Follow Sign in to follow this author Principal and Founder, Bersin by Deloitte Over the last year we've seen a lot of evidence that the education to employment link is broken. Today more than half of US college graduates are looking for work, college cost has risen by 40% over the last ten years, and college graduates now have more than a trillion dollars of debt. Many jobs are in great demand (computer science, chemical engineering, statistics, health professions), but many are not. And according to Richard Arum, a sociologist at New York University, 36% of students show no improvement in critical thinking over four years of college. I mentioned the mismatch between Education and Business late last year, and it appears that the problem continues to grow. It does beg the big question: do young people really need a higher education degree to succeed? Bill Gates dropped out of college and it certainly didn't hold him back. The Un College: Do it Yourself I just finished reading a very interesting book entitled " Hacking your Education ," written by Dale Stephens, a Thiel Fellow, young entrepreneur, and self-educated man. Dale's argument is that education is expensive, often wastes time, and not necessary for success. He professes that you should get up at 6am every day and use every opportunity you have to develop yourself. Take an internship. Find a mentor. Start a business. And read, study, and learn. Much of what he recommends is what we identify as traits of a "self-learner" in business. People who know how to learn (and are motivated to learn) consistently outperform their peers. The technical term for it is "learning agility," and some people are just born with it. While the value of higher education will never go away, in today's economy we should honor and promote people who educate themselves. When you look at a new candidate, rather than look at his or her college degree, maybe you should take more time to look at his experience, ability to learn, drive, and problem solving skills. Much of our corporate learning research shows that high performing business people often don't have fancy degrees, because in most jobs you must learn the business when you get there. Maybe you, as an employer, should look at people who are "self-taught" in a new light? Of course higher education plays many roles in peoples' lives. It gives us perspective, reading and writing skills, and in many cases a start on a profession. And the four years in a focused environment teach discipline and hard work for many. And the Bureau of Labor Statistics data does show that people with college degrees have half the unemployment rate of those without. But in today's job market college may not be perfect for everyone. And right now, given the high cost of education, we as employers need to expand our horizons about what a "great candidate" really looks like. Some of the most successful people in the world didn't finish college. Let's keep our minds open. Follow Sign in to follow this author Josh Bersin Principal and Founder, Bersin by Deloitte117 articles Looking for more of the latest headlines on Linked In? Discover more stories
D1473896	Poison Ivy (character)	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Poison Ivy (comics))navigation search Poison Ivy Variant cover of Batman vol. 3, #26 (Sept. 2017) Art by Joshua Middleton Publication information Publisher DC Comics First appearance Batman #181 (June 1966)Created by Robert Kanigher Sheldon Moldoff In-story information Alter ego Pamela Lillian Isley Lillian Rose Penelope Ivy [1]Team affiliations Birds of Prey Injustice Gang Injustice League Secret Society of Super Villains S. T. A. R. Labs Suicide Squad Gotham City Sirens Partnerships Harley Quinn Catwoman Notable aliases Pamela Lillian Isley Paula Irving Abilities Trained botanist Secretion of floral toxins and mind controlling pheromones Immunity to toxins and pathogens Plant manipulation via connection to the Green Poison Ivy is a fictional supervillain, appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Batman. Created by Robert Kanigher and Sheldon Moldoff, the character made her first appearance in Batman #181 (June 1966). [2] Poison Ivy is one of Batman's most enduring enemies and belongs to the collective of adversaries that make up Batman's rogues gallery. Poison Ivy's real name is Pamela Lillian Isley, a Gotham City botanist obsessed with plants, ecological extinction, and environmentalism. One of the world's most notorious eco-terrorists, she uses plant toxins and mind-controlling pheromones for her criminal activities, which are usually aimed at protecting endangered species and the natural environment. Poison Ivy has been portrayed as a love interest of Batman and has teamed up on occasion with fellow villains Catwoman and Harley Quinn, with Harley being her close friend, romantic interest, and recurring ally. Although Poison Ivy's look has evolved over the years, she typically wears a green one-piece outfit adorned with leaves and has plant vines extending over her limbs. Poison Ivy was originally characterized as a supervillain, but as of the New 52 and DC Rebirth, she has periodically been depicted as an antiheroine, often doing the wrong things for the right reasons. The character was portrayed by Uma Thurman in Batman & Robin and Maggie Geha and Peyton List in Gotham. She has also been voiced by Diane Pershing in Batman: The Animated Series, Piera Coppola on The Batman animated series, Tasia Valenza for the Batman: Arkham video game franchise, and Riki Lindhome in The Lego Batman Movie. [3] IGN 's list of the Top 100 Comic Book Villains of All Time ranked Poison Ivy as #64. [4] She was ranked 21st in Comics Buyer's Guide ' s "100 Sexiest Women in Comics" list. [5]Contents [ hide ]1 Publication history2 Fictional character biography2.1 Pre-Crisis2.2 Post-Crisis2.3 Other storylines2.4 The New 52: Birds of Prey, Detective Comics and Poison Ivy: Cycle of Life and Death (2011—2016)2.5 DC Universe3 Activism4 Powers and abilities5 Romantic relationships5.1 Batman5.2 Harley Quinn5.3 Teams6 Other versions6.1 JLA: Created Equal6.2 Batman: Crimson Mist6.3 Elseworlds6.4 JLA/Avengers6.5 Flashpoint6.6 Batman '666.7 Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles6.8 Injustice: Gods Among Us6.9 Injustice 27 In other media7.1 Television7.2 Film7.3 Video games7.4 Miscellaneous8 See also9 References10 Further reading11 External links Publication history [ edit]Poison Ivy debuted in Batman #181 (June 1966). Poison Ivy was created by Robert Kanigher and Sheldon Moldoff, and the character first appeared in Batman #181 (June 1966). Robert Kanigher originally modeled Poison Ivy after Bettie Page, giving her the same haircut and look. [6]The character was partly inspired by the short story " Rappaccini's Daughter '," [7] written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, about a maiden who tends a garden of poisonous plants; she becomes resistant to the poisons, but in the process she herself becomes poisonous to others. According to Octavio Paz, the sources of Hawthorne's story lie in Ancient India. In the play Mudrarakshasa, one of two political rivals employs the gift of a visha kanya, a beautiful girl who is fed on poison. This theme of a woman transformed into a phial of venom is popular in Indian literature and appears in the Puranas. From India, the story passed to the West and contributed to the Gesta Romanorum, among other texts. In the 17th century, Robert Burton picked up the tale in The Anatomy of Melancholy and gave it a historical character: the Indian king Porus sends Alexander the Great a girl brimming with poison. Following the character's initial appearance, Poison Ivy continued to appear in the various Batman comic books and had a major role in the Black Orchid miniseries. The character did not have an origin in her first appearances during the 1960s; she was merely a temptress. An origin story was later retconned for her. Poison Ivy is typically depicted with long flowing hair, plant vines extending over her neck or limbs, and a green one-piece suit adorned with leaves. [8] [9]Fictional character biography [ edit]Pre-Crisis [ edit]Dr. Lillian Rose, Ph D [10] is a promising botanist who is persuaded by Marc Le Grande into assisting him with the theft of an Egyptian artifact containing ancient herbs. Fearing she would implicate him in the theft, he attempts to poison her with the herbs, which are deadly and untraceable. She survives this murder attempt and discovers she has acquired an immunity to all natural toxins and diseases. [11]Post-Crisis [ edit]Following the events of the DC maxi-series comic Crisis on Infinite Earths, which massively retconned DC Universe history and continuity, Poison Ivy's origins were revised in Secret Origins #36, 1988, written by Neil Gaiman. [10] Poison Ivy's real name is Dr. Pamela Lillian Isley, Ph D, a Gotham City botanist. She grows up wealthy with emotionally distant parents and later studies advanced botanical biochemistry at a university with Alec Holland under Dr. Jason Woodrue. Isley, a shy girl, is easily seduced by her professor. Woodrue injects Isley with poisons and toxins as an experiment, causing her transformation. [12] She nearly dies twice as a result of these poisonings, driving her insane. Later, Woodrue flees from the authorities leaving Isley in the hospital for six months. Enraged at the betrayal, she suffers from violent mood swings, being sweet one moment and evil the next. When her boyfriend has a car accident after mysteriously suffering from a massive fungal overgrowth, Isley drops out of school and leaves Seattle, eventually settling in Gotham City. [13]She begins her criminal career by threatening to release her suffocating spores into the air unless the city meets her demands. Batman, who appears in Gotham that very same year, thwarts her scheme, and she is incarcerated in Arkham Asylum. [14] From this point on, she has a kind of obsession with Batman, he being the only person she could not control. Over the years, she develops plant-like superpowers, the most noticeable being a lethal toxin in her lips; she is able to literally kill with a kiss. In subsequent issues, she states that she only started a life of crime to attain sufficient funds to find a location to be alone with her plants, undisturbed by humanity. A few years later, she attempts to leave Gotham forever, escaping Arkham to settle on a desert island in the Caribbean. She transforms the barren wasteland into a second Eden, and is, for the first time in her life, happy. It is soon firebombed, however, when an American-owned corporation tests their weapons systems out on what they think is an abandoned island. Ivy returns to Gotham with a vengeance, punishing those responsible. After being willingly apprehended by Batman, she resolves that she can never leave Gotham, at least not until the world was safe for plants. From then on, she dedicates herself to the impossible mission of "purifying" Gotham. [15]At one point, Batman travels to Seattle to ascertain information on Pamela Isley's life before she became Poison Ivy. Here, Batman states that both of Pamela's parents are dead. When and why they died has been left undetermined. [13]While in Arkham, Poison Ivy receives a message through flowers that someone is to help her escape. That night, two women, Holly and Eva, successfully break Ivy out and bring her back to their employer. She is less than happy to discover that it is the Floronic Man, formerly known as Dr. Jason Woodrue, her former college professor that conducted the experiments on her. The only human portion of him remaining is his head, while the rest of his body is plant-based. After striking a deal with him in the underground tunnels of Gotham, Ivy receives a trunk full of money in return for samples of her DNA. Woodrue intends to combine their DNA to create a "child", all while flooding the streets of Gotham with high-grade marijuana. The purpose of this is to create a world economy run on hemp and to have their offspring control it. Batman intervenes, but is overcome by Woodrue's henchwomen, Holly and Eva. However, Ivy turns on Floronic Man and lets Batman go to fight the intoxicated maniac. In the end, Batman decapitates the Floronic Man, and Ivy escapes with her money. [16]At times, Ivy demonstrates positive and maternal traits. When Gotham City is destroyed in an earthquake, rather than fight over territory like most of Batman's enemies, she holds dominion over Robinson Park and turns it into a tropical paradise. Sixteen children who are orphaned during the quake come to live with her as she sympathizes with them having suffered a traumatic childhood herself. [17] She cares for them like sons and daughters, despite her usual misanthropy. That winter, Clayface (Basil Karlo) pays Ivy a visit, hoping to form a bargain with her. This would entail her growing fruits and vegetables, having the orphans harvest them, and him selling the produce to the highest bidder. She wants nothing to do with the plan, and she attempts to kill him with a kiss. Clayface overpowers her, however, and imprisons Ivy and the orphans for six months in a chamber under the park's lake. He feeds her salt and keeps her from the sun to weaken her. Eventually, Batman comes and discovers the imprisoned orphans and Ivy. The two agree to work together to take Karlo down. Batman battles Clayface and instructs Robin to blow up the lake bed above, allowing the rushing water to break apart the mud, effectively freeing Ivy. She fights Karlo, ensnaring him in the branches of a tree and fatally kissing him. She then proceeds to sink him down into the ground, where he becomes fertilizer for Ivy's plants. Batman, originally intending to take the orphans away from Ivy, recognizes that staying with her is what is best for them, and they remain in her care until the city is restored. Also, as part of a bargain to keep her freedom, Batman arranges it so that Ivy provides fresh produce to the starving hordes of earthquake survivors. [8] [18] Soon after, Ivy finds Harley Quinn, who had almost been murdered by the Joker, among the debris of the earthquake and nurses her back to health. The two have been best friends and partners-in-crime ever since. [19]After Gotham City is reopened to the public, the city council wants to evict her from the park and send her back to Arkham Asylum, as they are uncomfortable with the thought of a " psychotic eco-terrorist controlling the equivalent of 30-odd square blocks." They also mistakenly believe that the orphans in Ivy's care are hostages. The Gotham City Police Department threaten to spray the park with R. C. Sixty, a powerful herbicide that most certainly would have killed every living plant in the park, including Ivy, and more than likely do harm to the children. Ivy refuses to leave the park to the city and let them destroy the paradise she had created, so she chooses martyrdom. It is only after Rose, one of the orphans, is accidentally poisoned by Ivy that the hardened eco-terrorist surrenders herself to the authorities in order to save the girl's life. Batman says that, as much as she would hate to admit it, Ivy is still more human than plant. [20]Later on, she and other Gotham characters are manipulated by the Riddler and Hush. Her task is to hypnotize both Superman and Catwoman, using Catwoman to steal ransom money from Killer Croc after the original plan is interrupted by Batman while Superman serves as a 'bodyguard' when she hides in Metropolis. However, she abandons Catwoman to be killed by Killer Croc, and Batman is able to keep Superman busy in a fight (aided by the Kryptonite ring he was given long ago) long enough for the Man of Steel to break out of the spell. Soon afterwards, the Riddler, who is being chased and attacked by Hush, approaches Ivy and seeks her protection. Ivy, who is angered by the manipulation, battles the Riddler physically and psychologically. She comes to physically dominate her opponent, humiliating Riddler and temporarily breaking his spirit. [21]Poison Ivy comes to believe that her powers are killing the children she had looked after, so she seeks Bruce Wayne's help to reverse her powers and make her a normal human being once more. Soon after, she is convinced by Hush to take another serum to restore her powers and apparently dies in the process. However, in Batman: Gotham Knights, when her grave is visited shortly thereafter, it is covered with ivy, creating the impression her death would be short-lived. [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27]Shortly after, Poison Ivy appears briefly in Robinson Park, killing two corrupt cops who killed one of her orphans (although whether this takes place before or after the aforementioned storyline is unknown). [28]" One Year Later ", Ivy is alive and active. Her control over flora has increased, referred to as being on a par with Swamp Thing or Floronic Man. She also appears to have resumed her crusade against the corporate enemies of the environment with a new fanaticism, regarding Batman no longer as a main opponent, but as a "hindrance". [29] After arriving back from a year-long absence, Batman discovers that Ivy has been feeding people including "tiresome lovers", "incompetent henchmen", and those who "returned her smile" to a giant plant which would digest the victims slowly and painfully. She refers to these murders as a "guilty pleasure". In an unprecedented event, her victims' souls merge with the plant, creating a botanical monster called Harvest, who seeks revenge upon Poison Ivy. With the intervention of Batman however, she is saved. Poison Ivy is left in critical condition, and the whereabouts of Harvest are unknown. [29]Other storylines [ edit]In Countdown #37, the Pied Piper and the Trickster are hiding out in a greenhouse, picking fruits and vegetables from the plants. They run into Ivy, who is talking to her plants (presumably being told that Piper and Trickster hurt them), to which she reacts by tying them up in vines with the intention of killing them. She is then shown to have joined the Injustice League Unlimited and is one of the villains featured in Salvation Run. [30]In the "Battle for the Cowl" storyline, she is coerced by a new Black Mask into joining his group of villains that aims to take over Gotham. She and Killer Croc unsuccessfully attempt to murder Damian Wayne. Shortly after, she escapes from Black Mask's control and forms an alliance with Catwoman and Harley Quinn, leading into the ongoing series Gotham City Sirens. During Hush's ploy to hurt Batman through hurting his loved ones, Hush kidnaps Catwoman and surgically removes her heart. After being saved by Batman, she is operated on by some of the most gifted surgeons in the world, including Doctor Mid-Nite and Mr. Terrific. Zatanna also gives her a magic antidote to help heal her wounds. In order to get even with Hush, Selina enlists the help of Poison Ivy, Harley Quinn, Oracle, Holly Robinson, and Slam Bradley to track down all of Hush's accounts, pilfer them, and leave him penniless. Selina pays Holly, Harley, and Ivy over $30 million each, hoping that they would use the funds to leave Gotham to start fresh somewhere else. [31] However, Harley uses her money to go on a shopping spree, while Ivy gives her money away to organizations in Madagascar and Costa Rica for reforestation. After rescuing Catwoman from Boneblaster, a new villain trying to make a name for himself, Poison Ivy takes Catwoman back to Edward Nigma's townhouse. When there, Catwoman sees that Ivy has been keeping the Riddler under mind control so that she and Harley could use his townhouse as a hideout. Here, Catwoman decides that with Gotham City more dangerous than ever with all the gang wars and a new Batman, a partnership with the other two women would be advantageous. However, Ivy fears that Catwoman has lost her edge and prowess, and consults with Zatanna on the nature of Catwoman's injuries. Zatanna responds that Catwoman has psychological wounds that would need healing. Ivy resolves that she and Harley would provide Catwoman with "positive female reinforcement". The three then agree to become a team. However, Harley and Ivy have one condition that Catwoman is to reveal to them the true identity of Batman. Eventually, Ivy and the other Sirens ambush the Riddler at his office (with Ivy using her plants to trust and gag his secretary), telling him that they've been framed for the murder of a young nurse. He agrees to help clear their names, and during the discussion Ivy reveals that she has recently taken up a job at the Gotham division of S. T. A. R. Labs under an assumed name (Dr. Paula Irving). [32] She is eventually kidnapped and placed in a specialized containment unit by a researcher named Alisa Adams, but escapes and turns the table on her captor by binding her with vines. Ivy initially informs Adams that she plans to kill her, but instead decides to let her live after seeing a photograph of Alisa's young daughter. Ivy then threatens Alisa into keeping her mouth shut about her true identity, telling her that she will change her mind and kill her if she reveals her secret to anyone. [33]When Harley Quinn betrays her friends and breaks into Arkham Asylum with the goal of killing the Joker, she ultimately chooses instead to release Joker from his cell, and together the two orchestrate a violent takeover of the facility. [34] Poison Ivy arrives and tries to convince Harley Quinn that the Joker is evil, but Harley Quinn refuses to believe her and knocks Poison Ivy unconscious. After they are defeated by Catwoman and Batman, Catwoman then tells Poison Ivy that they are no longer friends, after Ivy had drugged Catwoman in an attempt to discover Batman's identity. Poison Ivy is taken in Arkham Asylum. [35] Ivy soon escapes and ambushes Harley in her cell, binding and gagging her former friend before she can defend herself. Ivy struggles with the decision to execute Harley for her betrayal, but ultimately releases her after realizing that she is still her friend. Together, the two set off to find Catwoman and make her pay for leaving them behind. [36] The two of them find Catwoman and fight her on the streets. While fighting, Catwoman confesses that she saw good in the both of them and only wanted to help them. When she tells them that she only kept tabs on them because Batman wanted to keep them under control, Ivy lashes out onto the city by using giant vines to destroy buildings, cursing at Batman for manipulating her. Batman is about to arrest them, but Catwoman helps the two of them escape. [37]The New 52: Birds of Prey, Detective Comics and Poison Ivy: Cycle of Life and Death (2011—2016) [ edit]In The New 52 (the 2011 reboot of the DC Comics universe), Poison Ivy is recruited into the covert-ops group known as the Birds of Prey. Though she is specifically hand-picked by the team's leader Black Canary, the other members of the group protest Ivy's inclusion, citing her violent past and connections to various murders. [38] These suspicions are proven correct when Ivy poisons the team and forces them to attack corrupt companies she wants to destroy until Katana apparently kills her. [39]Ivy survives the injuries and returns to Gotham, breaking out Clayface/Basil Karlo in order to manipulate him into becoming her husband. Batman intervenes to help her, mainly because the locations she attacked were the Penguin 's properties. Poison Ivy ends up captured by Penguin's men. [40] She is buried alive by them, but survives long enough to be rescued by Penguin's right-hand man Emperor Penguin who has taken over his boss' businesses after the Joker's return. He proposes an alliance with her. [41] However, Karlo, who Batman had set free from Ivy's control, tracks down and attacks Poison Ivy. [42]The character's origin, in this new DC universe, was presented in a special issue of Detective Comics (#23.1), during the "Villains Month" event in September 2013. [43]In this timeline of The New 52, Pamela Isley was born with a skin condition that prevented her from leaving her home. The garden was the place where she spent most of her limited time outside. Her father constantly beat her mother until he finally murdered her and buried her in the garden. While in college, Pamela sold pheromone pills to other students to study its effects until she was caught by police. She used a powerful version of the pills to mind-control the dean so he would drop the charges and let her graduate from college with honors. While visiting her father in prison, she kissed him with a poison that was secreted from her lips that killed him. Later she landed an internship in Wayne Enterprises in its Bio-Chemistry division developing pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. She was fired after proposing Bruce Wayne to develop chemicals that could brainwash people by triggering social or behavioral responses from them. As she was escorted out by security, she accidentally spilled the chemicals she was working with on herself, giving her powers to control plant life and immunity to all poisons and viruses. Cycle of Life and Death [ edit]Poison Ivy as Dr. Pamela Isley, Ph D (March 2016). Art by Clay Mann and Seth Mann. In January 2016, DC Comics debuted Ivy's first six-issue miniseries, Poison Ivy: Cycle of Life and Death. As Dr. Pamela Isley, Ph D, she joins the prestigious plant sciences department at Gotham Botanical Gardens, but things quickly get complicated when Luisa Cruz, Ivy's friend and mentor, is murdered via poisoning. Ivy investigates whilst working on her latest project, successfully giving life to two children who are plant-human hybrids like herself, as well as her biological daughters. Ivy names them Rose and Hazel. With the help of Selina Kyle and fellow researcher, Darshan, she finds that the Gotham Botanical Gardens were performing experiments which resulted in creating another plant-human hybrid named Thorn. Ivy destroys the laboratory and rescues the child. Ivy raises Rose, Hazel and Thorn who grow to adult size at an exponential rate, becoming young women within 35 weeks. When the girls sneak out to see Gotham City at night for the first time, they cause an incident at a strip club that gets the police involved and Ivy has to help them escape. Returning to the apartment, Ivy locks Rose, Hazel and Thorn away so they will not leave again. Ivy finds Doctor Eric Grimley - Chair of the Gotham Botanical Gardens Research Department - waiting on her balcony and he attacks her. Grimley had transformed himself into a large plant-like monster to escape dying from cancer. Grimley murdered Luisa because she was suspicious of the experiments he was performing and now, with his cancer returning, intends to harvest Rose, Thorn, and Hazel for spores to help escape death again. Darshan arrives and releases the girls, who help Ivy fight Grimley along with Swamp Thing - who seeks to punish Grimley for wanting to defy nature by escaping the cycle of life and death. Together they defeat Grimley, with Thorn hacking him up with a machete for the experiments she was put through. Darshan later helps Rose, Thorn, and Hazel leave Ivy, reasoning that they were getting so restless they'd go eventually with or without his help, and they set off away from Gotham to places unknown, claiming they planned to live out their lives regardless of how short they may be. DC Universe [ edit]DC Comics began the next relaunch of its entire line of titles called DC Rebirth in June 2016. DC opted to rebrand its titles under the "DC Universe" name in December 2017, using the continuity established from DC Rebirth. [44] [45] Within the DC Universe, Poison Ivy appears in the first story arc of Trinity vol. 2 (issues 1-6), trying to create a portal between a dream world inhabited by an entity of the Green called White Mercy which is related to the Black Mercy plant. She builds the portal at an old shed at Clark Kent's farmhouse but doesn't realise that Diana, Clark and Bruce Wayne are actually the Trinity. It is later revealed that this is a plan orchestrated by Mongul trying to conquer Earth using Superman as a vessel. With the help of Poison Ivy and the White Mercy entity, Mongul is stopped, but Poison Ivy loses her memories of this incident. She later appears in Batgirl #6 where she teams up with Batgirl to save an airplane and its passengers from a plant that is growing uncontrollably in the cargo bay. It is hinted that she knows Batgirl's true identity, but decides to keep it a secret. Poison Ivy is also a recurrent character in the Harley Quinn series and Harley's main love interest, though the two are not exclusive. In All Star Batman #7 Batman is asking for Poison Ivy's help as a scientist so he can stop a deadly virus that is threatening to destroy the planet. After helping him and manufacturing the cure, Batman promises to clear her name. The character appears in the third volume of Batman, with a cameo in issue #26 and a meeting with the Riddler in issue #27. In Batgirl and the Birds of Prey #13, together with Catwoman, Poison Ivy returns to the team, and it is revealed that she knows the identities of her teammates. Activism [ edit]Ivy calls herself an "eco-terrorist of global importance" and has demonstrated philanthropic contributions to conservation efforts. A Gotham Girls episode " Pave Paradise " has her going out of her way to get Gotham's mayor to prevent bulldozing of a park because he swore he would not do it in his election campaign. In Gotham City Sirens, Ivy reveals that she donated her $30 million share of Hush 's money to a reforestation fund. [46]Powers and abilities [ edit]Poison Ivy with plant vines extending over her arms and legs (2016). [47] Art by Clay Mann and Seth Mann. The dangerous experiments that transformed Pamela into Poison Ivy placed a deliberate overdose of plant and animal-based toxins into her blood stream that make her touch deadly while also allowing her to boost her immunity to virtually all pathogens. This immunity also includes Joker venom. [48] Some comics have even gone so far as to depict her as more plant than human, breathing carbon dioxide and requiring sunlight to survive. The character's body produces pheromones that make people susceptible to mind control around her, especially men, although strong-minded people like Batman are usually capable of resisting. She specializes in hybrids and can create the most potent floral toxins in Gotham City. Often these toxins are secreted from her lips and administered in her preferred way, a poisonous kiss, usually after professing false love or affection for her victim. They come in a number of varieties, from mind-controlling drugs to instantly fatal toxins. She has the ability to encourage and direct the growth of plant life on a molecular level. This plant growth can occur in an instant, allowing her to use plants in the environment to her advantage during combat. In volume three of Batman, she causes giant plant roots to become uprooted at a moment's notice, and directs the roots to entangle her enemies. [49] While in Arkham Asylum, she manipulates and animates plants, using roots to form supports for a tunnel she and another inmate named Magpie dig to escape, and also spawning glowing fungi to entertain Magpie. [50] Plant vines are also commonly seen extending over her limbs and neck, creating part of her overall appearance. [47]Poison Ivy is identified by the Swamp Thing as a being with an elemental mystical component, whom he calls the " May Queen ". [51] Writers have not referred to her in this way in quite some time. She has shown an ability to use the Green, a force connected to plant life. Ivy is able to communicate over great distances with this talent, as she manifests in a vase of roses in Zatanna 's dressing room to talk to the magician. [52]The character carries a certain number of live vines: coupled with her natural ability to commune with plant life, they act as weaponry, or defensive/grabbing appendages. Their supply is, however, limited. [53]Romantic relationships [ edit]Batman [ edit]Although Poison Ivy has been historically portrayed as a supervillain, she and Batman have worked together in achieving common goals and Ivy has been a romantic interest for him in comic-book storylines. [54] While not at the same level as his relationship with Catwoman, Batman occasionally returns her affection in some way. There has always been a sexual tension between the two, most notably in their canonical earlier encounters. [55] [56] In her first appearance, Poison Ivy tries to convince Batman to join her side and creates love potions that ensnare him. Ivy says numerous times that she is in love with Batman and even expresses a sexual attraction for his "perfect physique". Her attraction is confirmed in Widening Gyre. There are, however, also indications that it is more than just lust she feels for him. In other examples, Ivy has several chances to kill Batman. However, she still loved him too much and held back. At first, Ivy's infatuation with Batman was one-sided; later stories presented the attraction as more mutual, but hindered by reluctance on Batman's part. In one such issue, she mistook his saving her from death as proof he loves her, though he responds that she doesn't know the meaning of love. She later kisses Bruce during a robbery, poisoning him. But when she subsequently kisses a dying Batman, she unknowingly cures her intended victim and establishes a budding romantic tension between them. During the "No Man's Land" arc, Batman comes to her rescue while she is held captive by Clayface, with Ivy remarking that she knew he would. [57] In the 2004 story Batman/Poison Ivy: Cast Shadows, Batman teams up with Ivy to stop a killer, and must later accept a kiss from her as a cure for poison. The story revolves around a killer carrying out a series of Ivy-like murders (i.e. poisonous flower bouquets delivered to the victims). However, after it's determined that Ivy cannot possibly be the culprit, Batman and Ivy work together to take the killer down. At the end of the story, Batman has been poisoned by the flowers, and he must kiss Poison Ivy for the cure. Batman at first decides to punch her, hesitates, then willingly shares a romantic kiss with her instead, curing him. At first assuming Batman dead, a distraught Poison Ivy tries to kill herself, further revealing her feelings for him and once more insinuating that it is more than just lust she feels for him. Later, Batman filled Ivy's cell at Arkham with flowers as a gift, to make sure her time there wasn't as daunting as it might have been. A touched Ivy thanks Batman and lets go of any resentment she has for him. [58] The relationship even briefly deviated from the Batman/Ivy relationship into a Bruce/Pamela one when, in the comic series Batman: Gotham Knights, he helps her return to normal. Harley Quinn [ edit]Ivy has teamed up on occasion with fellow villain, Harley Quinn with Harley being her close friend and recurring ally. They are sometimes shown as romantically involved. [59] [60] [54]Unlike most villain team-ups, their partnership seems to be based on genuine friendship. Ivy sincerely wants to save Harley from her unhealthy abusive relationship with the Joker. Accordingly, Poison Ivy despises the Joker, and the two exchange vicious banter at every opportunity. In the final storyline of the Gotham City Sirens series, Harley suggests that Ivy may be in love with her, an accusation that stuns her. [35] The following issue has Poison Ivy acknowledge that she may indeed love Harley, but the details of her love are never specified. [36]In June 2015, Poison Ivy was revealed to be bisexual by Harley Quinn series writers Jimmy Palmiotti and Amanda Conner, stating that she is in a romantic relationship with Harley "without the jealousy of monogamy". [61]The partnership between Harley and Ivy has also at times included Catwoman, such as in episodes and issues of the Gotham Girls webtoon and comic book series. In the mainstream DC Universe, the three formed an alliance in the pages of Gotham City Sirens. [31]In Harley Quinn #8, Harley went on a vacation with Ivy to a nudist colony in which she tried to convince Ivy to move in with her, but while Ivy admitted that she loves Harley more than any other person on Earth and would love to spend as much time with her as possible, she is currently more dedicated to saving the environment. Harley was disappointed and very sad, but accepted it and the two parted with promises to meet again. [59] [62]Teams [ edit]Former [ edit]Poison Ivy was invited to join the Birds of Prey by Black Canary in The New 52 continuity reboot. Katana and Starling reject the idea and even attack Ivy, but after a brief scuffle, the women begin working together as a team. She remained with the team for a time, but eventually betrayed them, shortly before the team split-up. When the Birds were reformed under the leadership of Batgirl, Poison Ivy was not invited back. Poison Ivy joins Two-Face 's gang for a short period of time during Batman: Dark Victory, when she murders crime boss Lucia Viti on Two-Face's orders. She is notably the only member of the gang to be upset by Two-Face's casual murder of fellow gang member Solomon Grundy, a plant-based entity. The gang is broken up after Two-Face's apparent death at the hands of the Joker. Poison Ivy is a member of the original Injustice Gang of the World, which fights the Justice League on several occasions. [63]She joins the Secret Society of Super Villains for a mission against the Justice League. [64] She later joins Alexander Luthor, Jr. 's incarnation of the Society. [65]She is coerced into being a member of the Suicide Squad. During this time, she uses her abilities to enslave Count Vertigo. [66]Other versions [ edit]JLA: Created Equal [ edit]In JLA: Created Equal, Ivy and Swamp Thing team up to mentally travel through the Green, to try and discover what exactly caused the event which wiped out almost every male on the planet. But the trip is too much for her and it shatters her mind. Batman: Crimson Mist [ edit]In Batman: Crimson Mist, Ivy is one of the many villains whom the now vampiric Batman kills for blood, the vampire Batman's presence causing her plants to wither around him as he gives Ivy the kiss she always wanted, commenting that he could only want her while in the darkness and decay of corruption. Her head is apparently left at GCPD headquarters after her demise. Elseworlds [ edit]In Batman & Demon: A Tragedy, Ivy is characterized as an elfen healer. She gives Bruce Wayne a cure for his night terrors, only to be slaughtered by Etrigan the Demon. In Justice League International Annual #5, published under the Elseworlds banner, Ivy is one of 10 superhumans who has made herself known to the public. In this story, Ivy has the power to seduce and control men, as well as the ability to secrete poison from her touch, willingly. JLA/Avengers [ edit]In JLA/Avengers #3, Poison Ivy appears as a servant of Krona and attacks Aquaman and the Vision as a part of a group of villains. Poison Ivy strangles Aquaman in vines but is blasted by Iron Man and defeated. Flashpoint [ edit]In the alternate timeline of the Flashpoint event, Poison Ivy is one of the many villains subsequently killed by Batman. [67]Batman '66 [ edit]In Batman '66 (which is based on the 1960s TV series ), Poison Ivy appears. In this continuity, Pamela Isley had botanist parents who started their own nursery called Isley Nursery and worked at a university. After her father Dr. Isley died from a toxic tropical plant, Pamela blamed the university that her father worked for as they did not bother to find an antidote for him. Upon moving back to the south with her mother, Pamela improved in her botany and became immune to the toxic that killed her father. With her new powers, she became Poison Ivy and committed crimes with her plants. Batman and Robin came across her while investigating Louie the Lilac's apparent demise. [68]Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles [ edit]Ivy appears as one of the mutated Arkham inmates in the Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles crossover. She was mutated into a praying mantis humanoid. [69]Injustice: Gods Among Us [ edit]In the tie-in comic to Injustice: Gods Among Us, Poison Ivy first appears in "Chapter 21" of Year Three, where Dick Grayson, now the new Deadman, possesses Ivy and has her drive the Batplane to the House of Mystery and House of Secrets, where Batman's Insurgency and Superman's Regime are doing battle. Before she can figure out where she is, she gets attacked by Swamp Thing as the 2 of them battle, before they stop and use their powers to save the forest from Trigon 's hellfire. As Trigon and Mister Mxyzptlk 's battle continues to tear reality apart, the 2 teams retreat into the respective houses, before Doctor Fate and Shazam stops them. Ivy then reappears in Year Four, where her best friend, Harley Quinn tries to convince her to commit a crime with her because she's bored, but Ivy refuses and suggests that Harley turn to someone else. Ivy then reappears in Ground Zero, where Harley calls her to recruit her for her gang, the Joker Clan, but Ivy refuses until Harley can stand up to Joker and since the Regime's peace, plant life is now prospering. Ivy then reappears at the end, where she shows up at Gary's funeral, much to Harley's surprise. Ivy then tries to convince Harley that they can run away together and be free, but Harley refuses to leave her gang behind until the war between the Regime and Insurgency is over, which Ivy accepts. The two of them then share a kiss before Ivy leaves, wishing Harley good luck. Injustice 2 [ edit]In the tie-in comic to Injustice 2, after the Regime's fall, Poison Ivy joins Ra's al Ghul and his team for the purpose of creating a better world for The Green. In other media [ edit]Television [ edit]Live-action [ edit]Clare Foley as Ivy Pepper in the television series Gotham Maggie Geha as "Poison Ivy" in Gotham Peyton List as Ivy Pepper in the television series Gotham Poison Ivy appears in the live-action TV series Gotham, portrayed by Clare Foley (initially), Maggie Geha in season 3-4, and then by Peyton List in the second-half of season 4. [70] [71] This version is named Ivy "Pamela" Pepper [72] and is depicted as the young daughter of Mario Pepper, a petty criminal who is framed for the murder of Thomas and Martha Wayne. In the pilot episode, Detective Harvey Bullock kills her father during a shootout. After running away from her foster home, she befriends Selina Kyle, and becomes a skilled chemist, using plants and herbs to create mind-altering chemicals. In Season 3, Ivy has a brief encounter with Subject 514A and gets caught by Fish Mooney's minion Nancy when she tries to warn Selina. When Mooney unleashes the minion Marv on Ivy, she tries to get away. Marv's brief touch on Ivy accelerates her aging process until she transforms into a beautiful woman in her 20s after she fell into a sewer drain. After her transformation, she uses her beauty - and a pheromonal perfume - to seduce and rob wealthy men. [73] Ivy eventually teams up with Oswald Cobblepot and helps form "an army of freaks", which includes Mr. Freeze and Firefly. At the end of the season, Penguin has Ivy and Freeze cryogenically freeze Edward Nygma, where she then helps Penguin build his new club, the Iceberg Lounge. In season 4, Ivy becomes tired of not being taken seriously and breaks into an apothecary shop and steals and drinks some mystical chemicals from the owner's safe, enhancing her abilities further while also altering her appearance. She later emerges from a cocoon with a completely new appearance and the ability to poison people with just a scratch. Ivy did perfect an antidote to this condition which she tested on Selina Kyle who agrees to help Ivy with her next plot. After abducting Lucius Fox following her light poisoning of Bruce Wayne, she has Lucius take her to where Project M is located where it was revealed to be water from the Lazarus Pit. Though she managed to use some leverage to get away from Gordon, she did leave an antidote for Bruce Wayne in Lucius' coat pocket. Ivy then enacts a plan to exact revenge on those who have wronged her, starting with Bullock, who killed her father on the job. Ivy comes to the bar where he works and poisons his employees. She then uses her mind control on him and orders him to call Gordon and then himself, though Gordon manages to break him out of the spell. After this, Ivy goes to the Wayne Foundation party with her new gang of mind controlled minions and holds everyone hostage. She poisons one wealthy man, before Gordon interrupts her and she orders her guards to kill everyone. She returns home, where Selina is waiting on her. Selina attempts to retrieve the last of the Lazarus water from Ivy and the two battle, resulting in Ivy fleeing with the water. Animation [ edit]Poison Ivy in Batman: The Animated Series Poison Ivy as later depicted in The New Batman Adventures Poison Ivy appears in several series set in the DC animated universe, voiced by Diane Pershing : In Batman: The Animated Series, Poison Ivy first appears in "Pretty Poison", in which she makes an assassination attempt on Harvey Dent as retribution for construction over the last habitat of a rare flower. [74] In the earlier days, her metahuman characteristics (such as her immunity to toxins) were stated on many occasions, portraying her as a human with an extreme affinity for plants. She mentions in "House and Garden" where she ostensibly reforms that her hyper-immune system has left her unable to bear children. [75]In The New Batman Adventures, Poison Ivy was aesthetically revamped to look more plant-like and her skin turning pale greenish-white. [76] She also became more humorous and seductive in personality, coinciding with her genuinely friendly relationship with Harley Quinn. Her fanatical mindset regarding the despoiling of plants and the ecosphere was also greatly reduced. She supposedly dies in a shipwreck in the episode "Chemistry". [77]Although Poison Ivy doesn't appear in Batman Beyond, a stage actress playing her in the musical theater play The Legend of Batman is seen in the episode "Out of the Past". Albeit the character doesn't physically appeared, when asked about Poison Ivy's fate, show's creator Paul Dini stated that Ivy moved to South America and took over the rain forest, being now part of the forest itself. [78]Poison Ivy returns in Static Shock. In the episode "Hard As Nails", she and Harley Quinn open a 'support and cure' website that would lure female metahumans to Gotham claiming that it's a clinic to cure metahumans. When Static pursues a classmate that calls herself Nails to Gotham, Static ended up running into Batman and ended up ambushed by Harley and Ivy. When it came to a heist upon a ship carrying gold, she and Harley double-cross Nails only for Static and Batman to save her. During the conflict, Static's powers couldn't work on Ivy's plants but weren't immune to Nails' claws. Ivy and Harley were defeated in the end. Poison Ivy had a co-starring role in the Gotham Girls webtoon, in which she joins forces with Harley Quinn and Catwoman. Poison Ivy is also seen in the Justice League animated series. In the episode "A Better World", an alternate universe version appears only once in a lobotomized form. She is a prisoner at Arkham Asylum and she is also allowed to work as the prison's gardener. Show's creator Bruce Timm stated that he had turned down pitches for Poison Ivy episodes on Justice League so they could focus on new characters and storylines, only bringing back a minimal number of villains from previous shows. [79]Poison Ivy in The Batman Poison Ivy appears in the animated TV series The Batman, voiced by Piera Coppola. This incarnation is complete with a new origin and rose-like hairstyle and dress as well as stronger ties to Barbara Gordon. Pamela Isley is a high school student and environmental activist. Despite Jim Gordon 's protests, as she was sentenced to a youth detention center repeatedly for delinquent acts during her protests, she is Barbara's best friend. She convinces Barbara to help her with "protests" which were actually scouting missions on polluting companies for her hired mercenary, the corporate saboteur Temblor (voiced by Jim Cummings ). She uses a voice scrambler in order to recruit Temblor to carry out her missions of ecoterrorism. During one such mission, the plant mutagen "chlorogene" falls on her during a battle between Temblor and the Batman. She awakes in an ambulance afterward and manifests powers similar to her other incarnations, most notably psionic plant control, and an ability to exhale mind-controlling spores when she blows a kiss at her desired target. She swiftly turns her powers to furthering her ecoterrorist career, and takes the 'Poison Ivy' name before being stopped by Batman and Batgirl. In the fifth-season premiere, she is forced into helping Lex Luthor take control of Superman by using her mind-controlling spores and lacing them with Kryptonite dust. Poison Ivy appears in Batman: The Brave and the Bold, voiced by Jennifer Hale (in "Chill of the Night!") and by Vanessa Marshall (in "The Mask of Matches Malone!"). Prior to her appearances in this show, she was mentioned in "Rise of the Blue Beetle!" in a conversation between Jaime Reyes and Paco. In " Chill of the Night! ", Poison Ivy appears among other villains in an auction for a supersonic weapon held by arms dealer Joe Chill. When Chill asks the villains for protection against Batman and admits a role in creating the Dark Knight, Poison Ivy and the others try to kill Chill, but Batman stops them. Poison Ivy later appears in the teaser of "The Mask of Matches Malone!". She and her army of 'Flower Children' henchwomen kidnap Batman and she tries to seduce the Dark Knight into becoming her king. After Batman refuses, she orders her guards to feed Batman to a giant Venus Flytrap. Before the creature can consume Batman, Black Orchid (disguised as a henchwoman) comes to his rescue. Black Orchid frees Batman and the two both work together to defeat Poison Ivy. She also has a key role in the opening of "Crisis: 22,300 Miles Above the Earth", in which she is present at Batman's roast. Poison Ivy later makes cameos in "Knights of Tomorrow", "Joker: The Vile and the Villainous" and "Mitefall". Poison Ivy appears in the Young Justice animated series, voiced by Alyssa Milano. This version is a member of the Injustice League. [80] In the episode "Revelations", Poison Ivy works with her teammates to create a massive plant creature that attacks various cities across the globe, with the intention of extorting a hefty ransom from the United Nations. Robin and Miss Martian successfully destroy the creature, and the Injustice League members are soon apprehended by the Justice League. Poison Ivy appears in Super Best Friends Forever. She is seen in the second animated short "Time Waits for No Girl". Poison Ivy is portrayed as a member of the Legion of Doom in Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 2: Villains in Paradise, in which she was voiced by Clare Grant. Poison Ivy appears in the web series DC Super Hero Girls voiced by Tara Strong. She is a student at Super Hero High. Poison Ivy appears in the Teen Titans Go! animated series. She is seen in the episode "The Titans Show". Poison Ivy appears in Justice League Action, [81] voiced by Natasha Leggero. In the episode "Garden of Evil", she takes Swamp Thing on a blind date to control into helping her overrun Gotham City with her monstrous plants that were affected by the serum that Harley Quinn throws on them. As Batman worked on an antidote, Superman and Firestorm work to fight Swamp Thing while Vixen fights Harley Quinn. During the fight at the location where Poison Ivy and Swamp Thing's wedding is, Superman and Firestorm fight both Poison Ivy and Swamp Thing until Batman arrives to dose Poison Ivy with a chemical that negates her abilities. After the monstrous plants are returned to normal, Batman prepares to take Poison Ivy back to Arkham Asylum. Film [ edit]Uma Thurman as Poison Ivy in Batman & Robin (1997)Uma Thurman played Poison Ivy in the 1997 film Batman & Robin. Dr. Pamela Isley is a botanist, working for Wayne Enterprises ' arboreal preservation project in South America. She is experimenting with Venom to create animal-plant cross-breedings capable of fighting back and protecting the world's plants from "the thoughtless ravages of man". However, her senior colleague, Dr. Jason Woodrue, steals some of her Venom samples in order to transform a prisoner into Bane. Isely is outraged that her research has been corrupted, and when she rejects Woodrue's advances, he tries to murder her by sending her crashing into shelves lined with beakers containing Venom and other animal-plant toxins and chemicals. She is transformed into a poisonous hybrid of human and plant. Replacing her blood with aloe, her skin with chlorophyll and filled her lips with venom, making her kiss poisonous. She kills Woodrue by kissing him with her poisonous lips, and vows to establish botanical supremacy over the world. She allies herself with Bane and Mr. Freeze, and plans to freeze the Earth with a giant freezing cannon, which will destroy the human race and enable Poison Ivy's mutant plants to "overrun the globe". She ensures Freeze's cooperation by pulling the plug on his cryogenically frozen wife, and convincing him that Batman had done it. Ivy then lures an infatuated Robin to her garden hideout and tries to kill him with a venomous kiss; the attempt fails, however, as Robin had coated his lips with rubber. A furious Ivy throws Robin into her lily pond and entangles Batman in her vines, but they are able to free themselves when Batgirl unexpectedly arrives and traps the villainess in her own floral throne. After Batman, Robin and Batgirl foil the villains' plan, Ivy is imprisoned in Arkham Asylum with a vengeful Freeze as her cellmate. [82]Poison Ivy is one of the many villains broken out of Arkham by the Joker and Lex Luthor in Lego Batman: The Movie - DC Super Heroes Unite. She, along with the rest of the rogues gallery, battles with Batman and Robin but is recaptured before escaping the grounds. The Batman: Arkham franchise version of Poison Ivy makes a cameo appearance in Batman: Assault on Arkham. When the Joker releases all the inmates at the Asylum, Ivy goes to the greenhouse. Two guards are there and she approaches them and users her vines on them. Later, she kisses guards and inmates with her mind control-lipstick, to possess other inmates to do her bidding and escape from Arkham. Poison Ivy appears in Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League: Gotham City Breakout with Vanessa Marshall reprising her role from Batman: The Brave and the Bold. She is among the villains unintentionally broken out of Arkham by Superman. She uses her pheromones to paralyze Superman, Wonder Woman and Cyborg. She is last seen towards the end of the movie robbing a florist shop until Wonder Woman sends her back to Arkham. Poison Ivy appears in The Lego Batman Movie, voiced by Riki Lindhome. [3] She is a member of The Rogues, a team of Gotham's primary supervillains formed by the Joker. During the battle at the Gotham Energy facility, she tries to kiss Batman, only for Batman to block it with several of the Penguin 's hench-penguins, whom she continues to kiss and poison. She is sent to Arkham Asylum with the rest of the Rogues after Joker forces everyone to turn themselves in. She is later broken out to assist Batman in defeating the Joker, Harley Quinn and the army of Uber villains. They manage to succeed and, in celebration, she kisses a man, which accidentally poisons him. She and the Rogues reconcile with Joker and leave, with Batman giving them a thirty-minute head start. Poison Ivy appears in Batman and Harley Quinn, voiced by Paget Brewster. [83] She teams up with the Floronic Man to unleash a virus that will turn everyone on earth into human-plant hybrids like Swamp Thing. Batman recruits Ivy's best friend Harley Quinn to help track her down and stop her from making a dangerous mistake which may cost all life on Earth, even plants. The Brave and the Bold version of Poison Ivy appears in Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold, voiced by Tara Strong. A Victorian era version of Poison Ivy appears in the animated adaptation of Gotham by Gaslight. In this version, Ivy is an exotic dancer and opium addict who was looked after by Sister Leslie. She is murdered by Jack the Ripper after trying to seduce him in an alley way. A Feudal Japan version of Poison Ivy will appear in the anime film Batman Ninja. [84]Poison Ivy will appear in the upcoming film Gotham City Sirens. [85]Poison Ivy appears in the film Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: The Flash, voiced again by Vanessa Marshall. Video games [ edit]Poison Ivy has appeared in most of the Batman video games over the years. In most of these games, she does not fight Batman directly and usually watches in the background while Batman fights one of her plant monsters. She appeared as a boss in: Batman: The Animated Series for the Game Boy The Adventures of Batman & Robin for the Super NES. The Adventures of Batman & Robin for the Sega CD. Batman: Chaos in Gotham Batman and Robin, the video game adaptation of the movie. Batman Vengeance Batman: Dark Tomorrow [86] [87] She appears as a boss in the Arkham Asylum level, if Batman is caught in the vines of her plant monster, she will kill him with her poisoned kiss. Poison Ivy has two cameo appearances in Batman: Rise of Sin Tzu, first as a hallucination induced by the Scarecrow, and later as an imprisoned inmate of Arkham Asylum. In Batman: Gotham City Racer, Poison Ivy's vehicle was playable. She is able to jump higher than any other character (an ability given to all female villains), increase the growth rate of particular plants, blow long-range poison kisses, and give up-close poison kisses to foes which, in turn, fall apart. Poison Ivy appears in DC Universe Online, voiced by Cyndi Williams. Sketches of her are viewable on the official website. Poison Ivy is a playable character in the multiplayer online battle arena game Infinite Crisis, with Tasia Valenza reprising her role from the Batman: Arkham series. Lego Batman series [ edit]Poison Ivy is a playable character in Lego Batman: The Videogame with her sound effects done by Vanessa Marshall. [88]Poison Ivy appears in Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes, voiced by Laura Bailey. Poison Ivy appears as a playable character in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham, voiced by Tara Strong. Poison Ivy appears in Lego Dimensions. She is featured in The Lego Batman Movie adventure pack as the second boss. Batman: Arkham [ edit]Further information: Batman: Arkham Poison Ivy appears in the Batman: Arkham series voiced primarily by Tasia Valenza. [89]Poison Ivy makes her first appearance in Batman: Arkham Asylum. This iteration's appearance is revamped to a naked-goddess persona, wearing only an orange prison-issued shirt and foliage panties, and her appearance is also more plant-like having green skin, with vine-like growths and leaves on her body. She acts as the penultimate boss. She first appears in the Penitentiary, begging to be released from her cell so she can help her "babies"; she can apparently feel the pain Doctor Young inflicted on the island's plants while creating a Venom-plant hybrid in order to create the Titan drug. She is later released by Harley Quinn, after which she makes a beeline for the Botanical Gardens. Batman later tracks her down. After some convincing (by way of crushing one of her vines when it tries to attack), she tells Batman that the molds growing in Killer Croc 's lair can be used to create a Titan antidote. After Batman leaves, the Joker arrives and gives Poison Ivy a double-dose of Titan, causing her plants to sprout up randomly and grow to massive proportions, wreaking havoc across the island and destroying the makeshift Batcave in the sewer systems. When Batman returns to stop her, Poison Ivy attacks with spore projectiles, hypnotized guards, and an enormous mutated plant-monster. Batman eventually defeats her, and she can later be seen being returned to her cell. Poison Ivy makes her next appearance in Batman: Arkham City. Her design remains the same except for a crimson colored shirt. She has taken up residence in an abandoned hotel within Arkham City's districts, isolating herself from humanity and relying on thugs seduced with plant toxins for protection. Late in the game's storyline, Poison Ivy forges a shaky alliance with Catwoman in return for an unusual favor following a brief fight. She promises support from mutated plants if Catwoman will break into Hugo Strange 's heavily guarded TYGER vault and recover a rare flower which was seized from her upon incarceration. After the player has successfully completed this stage however, Catwoman spitefully reneges on their agreement by destroying the plant rather than attempt escape with it. Poison Ivy is misled into blaming Strange for this calamity and subsequently swears revenge on Gotham City. Her plant shop she owned in her former life can also be located in Arkham City, serving an actual purpose during one of Catwoman's gameplay missions. Poison Ivy also appears in Batman: Arkham City Lockdown voiced by Amy Carle. Pamela Isley is alluded in Batman: Arkham Origins. She is hinted at when the player locates a plant shop owned by her. It is assumed she has yet to undergo her Poison Ivy transformation during this game's time period. The DLC "Cold Cold Heart" also alluded to her via her ID at Goth Corp's check-in area. Poison Ivy next appears in Batman: Arkham Knight. Her design has been altered: her long hair has been cut short and tied above her head, her pigmentation is now a light tint of the color, giving her a more human appearance. Originally, as seen in Harley Quinn's story mission, she was first imprisoned at the Blüdhaven police station, but was soon rescued when Harley fought the entire police department, as well as Nightwing. Poison Ivy attended Scarecrow's meeting with the other villains, but refused to join in. As a result, Scarecrow had her knocked out and placed in gas chamber to have the new Fear Toxin used on her. However, Batman knocks out the guards and Poison Ivy proves immune to the toxin, allowing Batman to take her to the Isolation Cell at the GCPD. Batman is forced to work together with her in order to stop Scarecrow's citywide fear toxin by helping her awaken two ancient trees that had long since gone dormant. She helps save the city, but sacrifices her life in the process. She dies and disintegrates in Batman's arms after her final act of redemption. Later in the game, a flower is in place on the spot of her death. Injustice series [ edit]Poison Ivy is alluded in Injustice: Gods Among Us. One of her poisonous plants is an interactable item in the Arkham Asylum stage. Poison Ivy is seen as an unplayable support card in the game's i OS version depicted with her New 52 look, and is mentioned on different S. T. A. R. Labs missions. Poison Ivy appears as a playable character in Injustice 2, once again voiced by Tasia Valenza. In the game's story mode, she allies herself with the Society to take over the planet, disappointed that Batman 's reform from the Regime wasn't environmentally friendly. She battles her fellow Gotham City Sirens, Harley Quinn and Catwoman (or Cyborg depending on who the player chooses). In her single player ending, Poison Ivy makes Brainiac collect every city on Earth, then kisses Brainiac, killing the Coluan with her poison. She then uses the Earth's plant life to rule the planet. Miscellaneous [ edit]Poison Ivy appears in "The Flower Girl", a story in Batman Adventures vol. 2, #16. In the story, Poison Ivy is dying from the effects of her own toxins, and makes her way to Dr. Holland, who is practicing science in a remote rural cottage. She pleads with Holland to save her life, but he explains to her that there is nothing he can do. Shortly after, she dies in his arms, and collapses into a pile of dead plants. Moments later, another Pamela Isley, whose character design matches her appearance in Batman: The Animated Series, appears. She states that the Ivy who died is a vegetable creature that she had created as a distraction for Batman, in order to start a new life. The character also co-starred in the three-issue comic book miniseries Harley and Ivy, and was given her swan song in The Batman Adventures comic book series, which contains stories about Batman's adventures in Gotham City after a break from the Justice League. Poison Ivy is portrayed by Jaime Lyn Beatty in Star Kid Productions ' web-musical, Holy Musical B@man!. See also [ edit]List of Batman Family adversaries References [ edit]^ Detective Comics (vol. 1) #566 (September 1986)^ Mc Avennie, Michael; Dolan, Hannah, ed. (2010). "1960s". DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. Dorling Kindersley. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9. Poison Ivy first cropped up to plague Gotham City in issue #181 of Batman. Scripter Robert Kanigher and artist Sheldon Moldoff came up with a villain who would blossom into one of Batman's greatest foes.^ a b Goldberg, Matt (2017-02-03). "The LEGO Batman Movie Voices Include Fun Surprises". Collider. Retrieved 2017-09-16.^ "Poison Ivy is Number 64". Comics.ign.com. Retrieved 2010-12-29.^ Frankenhoff, Brent (2011). Comics Buyer's Guide Presents: 100 Sexiest Women in Comics. Krause Publications. p. 22. ISBN 1-4402-2988-0.^ "UGO's World of Batman – Gotham Girls: Poison Ivy". Batman.ugo.com. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved December 29, 2010.^ Daniels, Les. Batman: The Complete History (Chronicle Books, 1999).^ a b Batman: Shadow of the Bat #88, Detective Comics #735^ Horrocks, Dylan (w), Leonardi, Rick (p), Delperdang, Jesse (i). "The City is a Jungle" Batgirl #52 52: 22 (July 2004), DC Comics^ a b "The Abandoned An' Forsaked - Poison Ivy's Name is Lillian Rose?!". Comic Book Resources. December 8, 2011. 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"DC Comics: Harley Quinn & Poison Ivy Are Girlfriends "Without Monogamy " ". Kotaku. Gawker Media.^ Gaudette, Emily (November 23, 2016). "Poison Ivy Brutally Dumped Part-Time Girlfriend Harley Quinn". Inverse.^ Justice League of America #111, #143, #158^ Secret Society of Super-Villains #10; Special^ Superman/Batman #19 (May 2005)^ Suicide Squad (vol. 1) #33–37, #39, #41, #43, #46–47, #58–59, #64–66^ Flashpoint: Batman – Knight of Vengeance #1 (June 2011)^ Batman '66 #26^ Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #6. DC Comics/IDW^ Ausiello, Michael (June 13, 2016). "Gotham Recasting [Spoiler] in Season 3". TV Line.^ Prudom, Laura (June 22, 2016). " ' Gotham' Recasts Poison Ivy for Season 3". Variety.^ "Teen Runaway Spotted at "the Flea " ". Gotham Chronicle (viral site). Retrieved 2015-08-19.^ Drum, Nicole (2016-08-08). "Gotham Season 3 Synopsis Reveals Reason Behind Poison Ivy's Age Change". Comicbook.com. Retrieved 2017-09-16.^ "Pretty Poison". Toon Zone. Archived from the original on May 3, 2008. Retrieved May 6, 2008.^ Paul Dini, Boyd Kirkland, Dong Yang (1994-05-02). "House and Garden". Batman: The Animated Series. Season 2. Episode 70. Fox.^ Batman: The Animated Series Volume Four (DVD). Warner Brother Home Video. 2005.^ Stan Berkowitz, Butch Lukic, Koko Yang, Dong Yang (1998-10-24). "Chemistry". The New Batman Adventures. Season 2. Episode 22. The WB.^ Toy Fare magazine, 1999^ The Villains of the Justice League Archived April 29, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.^ Rich Sands (October 14, 2011). "Young Justice Recruits Brent Spiner and Alyssa Milano for the Injustice League". TVGuide.com.^ Drum, Nicole (2016-08-03). "Harley Quinn Co-Creator Paul Dini Says Margot Robbie "Nailed it Perfectly" in Suicide Squad". Comicbook.com. Retrieved 2017-09-16.^ Janet Maslin (June 20, 1997). "Batman and Robin". The New York Times.^ Trubore, Dave (April 3, 2017). "Batman and Harley Quinn Cast, Characters Revealed". Collider. Retrieved April 7, 2017.^ " ' Batman Ninja' Anime: First Details & Poster Revealed". Anime.^ David Ayer [@David Ayer Movies] (December 13, 2016). "#Sirens4ever" (Tweet) – via Twitter.^ "Game Stop – Batman Vengeance". Game Stop. Archived from the original on May 3, 2008. Retrieved May 8, 2008.^ "Game Stop – Batman: Dark Tomorrow". Game Stop. Archived from the original on April 9, 2008. Retrieved May 8, 2008.^ Game Informer features a two-page gallery of the many heroes and villains who appear in the game with a picture for each character and a descriptive paragraph. See " LEGO Batman: Character Gallery", Game Informer 186 (October 2008): 93.^ "91.8 The Fan » Blog Archive » Kana's Korner – Interview with Tasia Valenza". Further reading [ edit]Daniels, Les. Batman: The Complete History. Chronicle Books, 1999. ISBN 0-8118-4232-0Beatty, Scott, et al., The Batman Handbook: The Ultimate Training Manual. Quirk Books, 2005. ISBN 1-59474-023-2External links [ edit]Wikiquote has quotations related to: Poison Ivy Poison Ivy on DC Database, an external wiki, a DC Comics wiki Poison Ivy on the DC Animated Universe Wiki, an external wiki The Origin of Poison Ivy – www.dccomics.com Poison Ivy on the official Superman/Batman Adventures homepage UGO's World of Batman – Gotham Girls: Poison Ivy [ show]v t e Batman characters [ show]v t e Birds of Prey [ show]v t e Catwoman [ show]v t e Suicide Squad [ show]v t e Batman in film [ show]v t e Nathaniel Hawthorne 's Rappaccini's Daughter Categories: Characters created by Robert Kanigher Characters created by Sheldon Moldoff Comics characters introduced in 1966 DC Comics metahumans DC Comics plant characters DC Comics supervillains DC Comics television characters Fictional bisexual females Fictional botanists Fictional eco-terrorists Female characters in comics Female characters in film Female characters in television Female supervillains Fictional characters from Washington (state) Fictional characters with plant abilities Fictional female doctors Fictional life scientists Fictional orphans Fictional characters with elemental and environmental powers Fictional toxicologists Fictional women scientists Superhero film characters Video game bosses Fictional murderers LGBT supervillains
D2829032	Senate Sets March 30 as Welcome Home Vietnam Vets Day	Senate Sets March 30 as Welcome Home Vietnam Vets Dayfacebook twitter linkedin pinterest print By Vietnam magazine 3/28/2011 • Vietnam Extra, Vietnam War March 30, 2011, has been officially designated Welcome Home Vietnam Veterans Day by the U. S. Senate. It marks the 38th anniversary of the withdrawal of U. S. combat and combat-support units from Vietnam. Vietnam magazine, Armchair General magazine and World History Group salute all those who served—ground troops, aircrews, brownwater and bluewater navy crews, nurses, doctors, support personnel. Thank you for your service. Welcome home. And to those who didn’t make it home, thank you for your sacrifice. On March 30, make a special effort to say, “Welcome home.” Honor a Vietnam veteran you know with a short note in Comments below, whether to say, “Welcome Home” or “You live in our hearts.”On March 30, 1973, all U. S. troops withdrew from Vietnam. There were no ticker-tape parades honoring the veterans, no triumphant marches or speeches as there had been at the end of each of the World Wars. America’s Vietnam veterans returned home to silence, or worse, in some cases to denigration for having served their country during a controversial war. The U. S. Senate resolution was introduced by Sen. Richard Burr (R–North Carolina), Ranking Member of the Senate Committee on Veterans Affairs. This is the second consecutive year he has introduced such a resolution. The text of the announcement of the resolution’s passage appears below. Washington D. C – Today, Senator Richard Burr (R-N. C.), Ranking Member of the Senate Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, introduced a resolution to honor veterans who served in Vietnam by designating March 30th as “Welcome Home Vietnam Veterans Day.” March 30th marks the anniversary of the day that combat and combat support units withdrew completely from South Vietnam.“Our soldiers served honorably and bravely in Vietnam. Unfortunately, they arrived home to a country in political turmoil, and never received the recognition they deserve,” Senator Burr said. “By setting March 30th aside as a day to focus on our Vietnam veterans, we can show our unified gratitude for their service and the sacrifices that these veterans made on our behalf.”Senator Burr today also encouraged communities throughout the country to take measures to commemorate this day by honoring Vietnam veterans in their area. This is the second consecutive year that Senator Burr has introduced a resolution for the establishment of “Welcome Home Vietnam Veterans Day.” Senators John Boozman (R-AR), Thad Cochran (R-MS), James Inhofe (R-OK), and Johnny Isakson (R-GA) co-sponsored the legislation. The United States became involved in Vietnam because policy-makers believed that if South Vietnam fell to a communist government, communism would spread throughout the rest of Southeast Asia. The US Armed Forces began serving in an advisory role to the South Vietnamese in 1961, and in 1965, ground combat troops were sent into Vietnam. After many years of combat, all US troops were withdrawn from Vietnam on March 30, 1973, under the terms of the Treaty of Paris. More than 58,000 members of the United States Armed Forces lost their lives and more than 300,000 were wounded in Vietnam.facebook twitter linkedin pinterest print American History, Current Events, Historical Conflicts, Veterans,Vietnam War Sponsored Content: Related Stories Daily Quiz for April 2, 2018The Navy’s Flying Cannon James Mc Cudden-The Perfect Soldier Daily Quiz for April 1, 2018Giving the Machine Guns Wings Daily Quiz for March 31, 2018ad Also featuring
D3221007	Best Integrated Development Environment (IDE) Software	Best Integrated Development Environment (IDE) Software IDE Definition: Integrated development environments, or IDEs, are software platforms that provide programmers and developers a comprehensive set of tools for software development in a single product. IDEs are built to work with specific application platforms and remove barriers involved in the lifecycle of software development. IDEs are used in development teams to build new software, apps, web pages, and services, and they help by providing one tool with all the features and removing the need for integrations. IDEs are for programming code to a specific platform or platforms, and have integrated features that know how the platform works and how to use the features of the platform through compiling code, debugging code, or intelligently completing code automatically. To qualify for inclusion in the Integrated Development Environment category, a product must: Provide programming capabilities through a text editor or a GUI (graphical user interface)Integrate with at least one platform without a separate plugin Expose a platform’s application programming interface (API) and allow for compiling, debugging, version control, platform-specific code suggestions, or code deployment Integrated Development Environment (IDE) Software Grid ® Overview The best Integrated Development Environment (IDE) Software products are determined by customer satisfaction (based on user reviews) and scale (based on market share, vendor size, and social impact) and placed into four categories on the Grid ®: Products in the Leader quadrant are rated highly by G2 Crowd users and have substantial Market Presence scores. Leaders include: Net Beans, Visual Studio, Adobe Flash Builder, Eclipse, Intelli J IDEA, Web Storm, Xcode, Py Charm, Php Storm, and Arduino IDEHigh Performers are highly rated by their users, but have not yet achieved the market share and scale of the Leaders. High Performers include: Ruby Mine, Blue J, Flashdevelop, My Eclipse, CLion, Visual LANSA, and Data Grip Contenders have significant Market Presence and resources, but have received below average user Satisfaction ratings or have not yet received a sufficient number of reviews to validate the solution. Contenders include: Oracle JDeveloper and Cold Fusion Builder Niche solutions do not have the Market Presence of the Leaders. They may have been rated positively on customer Satisfaction, but have not yet received enough reviews to validate them. Niche products include: Komodo IDE, Aptana Studio, Code:: Blocks, Codenvy, Monodevelop, Rational Application Developer for Web Sphere Software, Selenium IDE, Nuclide, and Qt Creatorshow more G2 Crowd Grid ® for IDEAll Small-Business Mid-Market Enterprise Leaders High Performers Contenders Niche Market Presence Satisfaction Grid ® Scoring
D2780877	Pandora One vs. Spotify Premium: Which music streaming service is a better deal?	Pandora One vs. Spotify Premium: Which music streaming service is a better deal? Pandora and Spotify are both music streaming services, but that's about where their similarities end. Whether you’ll prefer Pandora or Spotify depends on whether you want to discover new music or listen to old favorites, and on which service has the artists you want. By Alice Holbrook, Nerd Wallet January 30, 2015Andrew Estey/Invision/AP/File View Caption About video ads View Caption Both Pandora and Spotify are music streaming services — but that’s where most of their similarities end. Pandora operates like a radio station. Users can design playlists around favorite artists and genres, but they can’t simply listen to an album straight through. On the other hand, Spotify users can pick the music they listen to and even add tunes from their own libraries. Whether you’ll prefer Pandora or Spotify depends on whether you want to discover new music or listen to old favorites, and on which service has the artists you want. Spotify’s library is much larger, but Taylor Swift famously pulled her music from the service late last year, though she’s still available on Pandora. Recommended: Which company used the slogan 'Where's the beef?' Take our 'business slogan' quiz. If not being able to stream “1989” and the extra $5 per month aren’t deal breakers, Spotify is a better bet. But if you’re still not sure, you can sign up for free trials of both Pandora One and Spotify Premium. And you can always use both without paying — though you’ll be stuck with ads until you buy a subscription. The Christian Science Monitor has assembled a diverse group of the best personal finance bloggers out there. Our guest bloggers are not employed or directed by the Monitor and the views expressed are the bloggers' own, as is responsibility for the content of their blogs. To contact us about a blogger, click here. To add or view a comment on a guest blog, please go to the blogger's own site by clicking on the link in the blog description box above.
D3168734	Medicaid & CHIP in New Jersey	Medicaid & CHIP in New Jersey View Another State Explore key characteristics of Medicaid and CHIP in New Jersey, including documents and information relevant to how the programs have been implemented by New Jersey within federal guidelines. New Jersey has expanded coverage to low-income adults. As of January 2018, New Jersey has enrolled 1,747,760 individuals in Medicaid and CHIP — a net increase of 36.13% since the first Marketplace Open Enrollment Period and related Medicaid program changes in October 2013. New Jersey has adopted one or more of the targeted enrollment strategies outlined in guidance CMS issued on May 17, 2013, designed to facilitate enrollment in Medicaid and CHIP. The Federally-facilitated marketplace (FFM) offers coverage in New Jersey. In federal fiscal year (FFY) 2016, New Jersey voluntarily reported 16 of 21 frequently reported health care quality measures in the CMS Medicaid/CHIP Child Core Set. New Jersey voluntarily reported 9 of 16 frequently reported health care quality measures in the CMS Medicaid Adult Core Set. Group Count Reported 16Unreported 5Group Count Reported 9Unreported 7Source: Medicaid Quality of Care Performance Measurement Period Enrollment Avg July-Sept 2013 1,283,851Total January 2018 1,747,760Source: Medicaid/CHIP Enrollment More detailed information and source references are available on each of these topics. Eligibility in New Jersey Information about how New Jersey determines whether a person is eligible for Medicaid and CHIP. Enrollment in New Jersey Information about efforts to enroll eligible individuals in Medicaid and CHIP in New Jersey. Quality of Care in New Jersey Information about performance on frequently-reported health care quality measures in the CMS Medicaid/CHIP Child and Adult Core Sets in New Jersey. Program Documents for New Jersey
D1481166	Soka	Sokaol bikpela pes painim Soka em i wanpela pilai . (Dispela pes Soka em i liklik tumas. Yu inap raitim moa sapos yu laik halivim Wikipedia. Hau? )Sampela piksa long Association football istap long Wikimedia Commons. Grup: Pilai
D2550879	Oral Health in America: A Report of the Surgeon General (Executive Summary)	Oral Health in America: A Report of the Surgeon General (Executive Summary)On this page Overview The Challenge The Charge The Science Base for the Report Organization of the Report Major Findings A Framework for Action Conclusion References Project Team Download Full Report Back to top Overview Publication of this first Surgeon General's Report on Oral Health marks a milestone in the history of oral health in America. The report elaborates on the meaning of oral health and explains why oral health is essential to general health and well-being. In the course of the past 50 years, great progress has been made in understanding the common oral diseases—dental caries (tooth decay) and periodontal (gum) diseases—resulting in marked improvements in the nation's oral health. Most middle-aged and younger Americans expect to retain their natural teeth over their lifetime and do not expect to have any serious oral health problems. The major message of this Surgeon General's report is that oral health is essential to the general health and well-being of all Americans and can be achieved by all Americans. However, not all Americans are achieving the same degree of oral health. In spite of the safe and effective means of maintaining oral health that have benefited the majority of Americans over the past half century, many among us still experience needless pain and suffering, complications that devastate overall health and well-being, and financial and social costs that diminish the quality of life and burden American society. What amounts to "a silent epidemic" of oral diseases is affecting our most vulnerable citizens—poor children, the elderly, and many members of racial and ethnic minority groups (GAO 2000). (See box entitled "The Burden of Oral Diseases and Disorders. ")The word oral refers to the mouth. The mouth includes not only the teeth and the gums (gingiva) and their supporting tissues, but also the hard and soft palate, the mucosal lining of the mouth and throat, the tongue, the lips, the salivary glands, the chewing muscles, and the upper and lower jaws. Equally important are the branches of the nervous, immune, and vascular systems that animate, protect, and nourish the oral tissues, as well as provide connections to the brain and the rest of the body. The genetic patterning of development in utero further reveals the intimate relationship of the oral tissues to the developing brain and to the tissues of the face and head that surround the mouth, structures whose location is captured in the word craniofacial. A major theme of this report is that oral health means much more than healthy teeth. It means being free of chronic oral-facial pain conditions, oral and pharyngeal (throat) cancers, oral soft tissue lesions, birth defects such as cleft lip and palate, and scores of other diseases and disorders that affect the oral, dental, and craniofacial tissues, collectively known as the craniofacial complex. These are tissues whose functions we often take for granted, yet they represent the very essence of our humanity. They allow us to speak and smile; sigh and kiss; smell, taste, touch, chew, and swallow; cry out in pain; and convey a world of feelings and emotions through facial expressions. They also provide protection against microbial infections and environmental insults. The craniofacial tissues also provide a useful means to understanding organs and systems in less accessible parts of the body. The salivary glands are a model of other exocrine glands, and an analysis of saliva can provide telltale clues of overall health or disease. The jawbones and their joints function like other musculoskeletal parts. The nervous system apparatus underlying facial pain has its counterpart in nerves elsewhere in the body. A thorough oral examination can detect signs of nutritional deficiencies as well as a number of systemic diseases, including microbial infections, immune disorders, injuries, and some cancers. Indeed, the phrase the mouth is a mirror has been used to illustrate the wealth of information that can be derived from examining oral tissues. New research is pointing to associations between chronic oral infections and heart and lung diseases, stroke, and low-birth-weight, premature births. Associations between periodontal disease and diabetes have long been noted. This report assesses these associations and explores mechanisms that might explain the oral-systemic disease connections. The broadened meaning of oral health parallels the broadened meaning of health. In 1948 the World Health Organization expanded the definition of health to mean "a complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being, and not just the absence of infirmity." It follows that oral health must also include well-being. Just as we now understand that nature and nurture are inextricably linked, and mind and body are both expressions of our human biology, so, too, we must recognize that oral health and general health are inseparable. We ignore signs and symptoms of oral disease and dysfunction to our detriment. Consequently, a second theme of the report is that oral health is integral to general health. You cannot be healthy without oral health. Oral health and general health should not be interpreted as separate entities. Oral health is a critical component of health and must be included in the provision of health care and the design of community programs. The wider meanings of oral and health in no way diminish the relevance and importance of the two leading dental diseases, caries and the periodontal diseases. They remain common and widespread, affecting nearly everyone at some point in the life span. What has changed is what we can do about them. Researchers in the 1930s discovered that people living in communities with naturally fluoridated water supplies had less dental caries than people drinking unfluoridated water. But not until the end of World War II were the investigators able to design and implement the community clinical trials that confirmed their observations and launched a better approach to the problem of dental caries: prevention. Soon after, adjusting the fluoride content of community water supplies was pursued as an important public health measure to prevent dental caries. Although this measure has not been fully implemented, the results have been dramatic. Dental caries began to decline in the 1950s among children who grew up in fluoridated cities, and by the late 1970s, decline in decay was evident for many Americans. The application of science to improve diagnostic, treatment, and prevention strategies has saved billions of dollars per year in the nation's annual health bill. Even more significant, the result is that far fewer people are edentulous (toothless) today than a generation ago. The theme of prevention gained momentum as pioneering investigators and practitioners in the 1950s and 1960s showed that not only dental caries but also periodontal diseases are bacterial infections. The researchers demonstrated that the infections could be prevented by increasing host resistance to disease and reducing or eliminating the suspected microbial pathogens in the oral cavity. The applications of research discoveries have resulted in continuing improvements in the oral health of Americans, new approaches to the prevention and treatment of dental diseases, and the growth of the science. The significant role that scientists, dentists, dental hygienists, and other health professionals have played in the prevention of oral disease and disability leads to a third theme of this report: safe and effective disease prevention measures exist that everyone can adopt to improve oral health and prevent disease. These measures include daily oral hygiene procedures and other lifestyle behaviors, community programs such as community water fluoridation and tobacco cessation programs, and provider-based interventions such as the placement of dental sealants and examinations for common oral and pharyngeal cancers. It is hoped that this Surgeon General's report will facilitate the maturing of the broad field of craniofacial research so that gains in the prevention of craniofacial diseases and disorders can be realized that are as impressive as those achieved for common dental diseases. At the same time, more needs to be done to ensure that messages of health promotion and disease prevention are brought home to all Americans. In this regard, a fourth theme of the report is that general health risk factors, such as tobacco use and poor dietary practices, also affect oral and craniofacial health. The evidence for an association between tobacco use and oral diseases has been clearly delineated in almost every Surgeon General's report on tobacco since 1964, and the oral effects of nutrition and diet are presented in the Surgeon General's report on nutrition (1988). All the health professions can play a role in reducing the burden of disease in America by calling attention to these and other risk factors and suggesting appropriate actions. Clearly, promoting health and preventing diseases are concepts the American people have taken to heart. For the third decade the nation has developed a plan for the prevention of disease and the promotion of health, embodied in the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (2000) document, Healthy People 2010. As a nation, we hope to eliminate disparities in health and prevent oral diseases, cancer, birth defects, AIDS and other devastating infections, mental illness and suicide, and the chronic diseases of aging. To live well into old age free of pain and infirmity, and with a high quality of life, is the American dream. Scientists today take that dream seriously in researching the intricacies of the craniofacial complex. They are using an ever-growing array of sophisticated analytic tools and imaging systems to study normal function and diagnose disease. They are completing the mapping and sequencing of human, animal, microbial, and plant genomes, the better to understand the complexities of human development, aging, and pathological processes. They are growing cell lines, synthesizing molecules, and using a new generation of biomaterials to revolutionize tissue repair and regeneration. More than ever before, they are working in multidisciplinary teams to bring new knowledge and expertise to the goal of understanding complex human diseases and disorders. Back to top The Challenge This Surgeon General's report has much to say about the inequities and disparities that affect those least able to muster the resources to achieve optimal oral health. The barriers to oral health include lack of access to care, whether because of limited income or lack of insurance, transportation, or the flexibility to take time off from work to attend to personal or family needs for care. Individuals with disabilities and those with complex health problems may face additional barriers to care. Sometimes, too, the public, policymakers, and providers may consider oral health and the need for care to be less important than other health needs, pointing to the need to raise awareness and improve health literacy. Even more costly to the individual and to society are the expenses associated with oral health problems that go beyond dental diseases. The nation's yearly dental bill is expected to exceed $60 billion in 2000 (Health Care Financing Administration 2000). However, add to that expense the tens of billions of dollars in direct medical care and indirect costs of chronic craniofacial pain conditions such as temporomandibular disorders, trigeminal neuralgia, shingles, or burning mouth syndrome; the $100,000 minimum individual lifetime costs of treating craniofacial birth defects such as cleft lip and palate; the costs of oral and pharyngeal cancers; the costs of autoimmune diseases; and the costs associated with the unintentional and intentional injuries that so often affect the head and face. Then add the social and psychological consequences and costs. Damage to the craniofacial complex, whether from disease, disorder, or injury, strikes at our very identity. We see ourselves, and others see us, in terms of the face we present to the world. Diminish that image in any way and we risk the loss of self-esteem and well-being. Many unanswered questions remain for scientists, practitioners, educators, policymakers, and the public. This report highlights the research challenges as well as pointing to emerging technologies that may facilitate finding solutions. Along with the quest for answers comes the challenge of applying what is already known in a society where there are social, political, economic, behavioral, and environmental barriers to health and well-being. Back to top The Charge The realization that oral health can have a significant impact on the overall health and well-being of the nation's population led the Office of the Surgeon General, with the approval of the Secretary of Health and Human Services, to commission this report. Recognizing the gains that have been made in disease prevention while acknowledging that there are populations that suffer disproportionately from oral health problems, the Secretary asked that the report "define, describe, and evaluate the interaction between oral health and health and well-being [quality of life], through the life span in the context of changes in society." Key elements to be addressed were the determinants of health and disease, with a primary focus on prevention and "producing health" rather than "restoring health"; a description of the burden of oral diseases and disorders in the nation; and the evidence for actions to improve oral health to be taken across the life span. The report also was to feature an orientation to the future, highlighting leading-edge technologies and research findings that can be brought to bear in improving the oral health of individuals and communities. Back to top The Science Base for the Report This report is based on a review of the published scientific literature. Standards established to determine the quality of the evidence, based on the study design and its rigor, were used where appropriate. In addition, the strength of the recommendations, where they are made, is based on evidence of effectiveness for the population of interest. The scope of the review encompassed the international English literature. Recent systematic reviews of the literature are referenced, as are selected review articles. A few referenced articles are in press, and there are occasional references to recent abstracts and personal communications. The science base in oral health has been evolving over the past half century. Initial research in this area was primarily in the basic sciences, investigating mechanisms of normal development and pathology in relation to dental caries and periodontal diseases. Prevention research has included controlled clinical studies, with and without randomization, as well as community trials and demonstration research. More recent research has broadened the science base to include studies of the range of craniofacial diseases and disorders and is moving from basic science to translational, clinical, and health services research. The clinical literature includes the full range of studies, from randomized controlled studies to case studies. Most of the literature includes cross-sectional and cohort studies, with some case-control studies. General reviews of the literature have been used for Chapters 2 through 10. Chapter 4 includes both published and new analyses of national and state databases that have been carefully designed and for which quality assurance has been maintained by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Studies of smaller populations are also included where relevant. In Chapter 5, tables present information on the association of oral infections and systemic conditions, and in Chapter 7, tables exhibit oral disease prevention and health promotion measures. The published literature related to the development of new technologies, their potential impact, and the need for further research are described in the course of addressing the requested futures orientation. The report was generated with the advice and support of a Federal Coordinating Committee composed of representatives of agencies with oral health components and interests. The chapters were based on papers submitted by experts working under the guidance of a coordinating author for each chapter. Independent peer review was conducted for all sections of the report at various stages in the process, and the full manuscript was reviewed by a number of senior reviewers as well as the relevant federal agencies. All who contributed are listed in the Acknowledgments section of the full report. Back to top Organization of the Report The report centers on five major questions, which have been used to structure the report into five parts. Part One: What Is Oral Health? The meaning of oral health is explored in Chapter 1, and the interdependence of oral health with general health and well-being is a recurrent theme throughout the volume. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the craniofacial complex in development and aging, how the tissues and organs function in essential life processes, and their role in determining our uniquely human abilities. Our craniofacial complex has evolved to have remarkable functions and abilities to adapt, enabling us to meet the challenges of an ever-changing environment. An examination of the various tissues reveals elaborate designs that serve complex needs and functions, including the uniquely human function of speech. The rich distribution of nerves, muscles, and blood vessels in the region as well as extensive endocrine and immune system connections are indicators of the vital role of the craniofacial complex in adaptation and survival over a long life span. In particular, the following findings are noted: Genes controlling the basic patterning and segmental organization of human development, and specifically the craniofacial complex, are highly conserved in nature. Mutated genes affecting human development have counterparts in many simpler organisms. There is considerable reserve capacity or redundancy in the cells and tissues of the craniofacial complex, so that if they are properly cared for, the structures should function well over a lifetime. The salivary glands and saliva subserve tasting and digestive functions and also participate in the mucosal immune system, a main line of defense against pathogens, irritants, and toxins. Salivary components protect and maintain oral tissues through antimicrobial components, buffering agents, and a process by which dental enamel can be remineralized. Part Two: What Is the Status of Oral Health in America? Chapter 3 is a primer describing the major diseases and disorders that affect the craniofacial complex. The findings include: Microbial infections, including those caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi, are the primary cause of the most prevalent oral diseases. Examples include dental caries, periodontal diseases, herpes labialis, and candidiasis. The etiology and pathogenesis of diseases and disorders affecting the craniofacial structures are multifactorial and complex, involving an interplay among genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors. Many inherited and congenital conditions affect the craniofacial complex, often resulting in disfigurement and impairments that may involve many body organs and systems and affect millions of children worldwide. Tobacco use, excessive alcohol use, and inappropriate dietary practices contribute to many diseases and disorders. In particular, tobacco use is a risk factor for oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers, periodontal diseases, candidiasis, and dental caries, among other diseases. Some chronic diseases, such as Sjögren's syndrome, present with primary oral symptoms. Oral-facial pain conditions are common and often have complex etiologies. Chapter 4 constitutes an oral health status report card for the United States, describing the magnitude of the problem. Where data permit, the chapter also describes the oral health of selected population groups, as well as their dental visit behavior. The findings include: Over the past five decades, major improvements in oral health have been seen nationally for most Americans. Despite improvements in oral health status, profound disparities remain in some population groups as classified by sex, income, age, and race/ethnicity. For some diseases and conditions, the magnitude of the differences in oral health status among population groups is striking. Oral diseases and conditions affect people throughout their life span. Nearly every American has experienced the most common oral disease, dental caries. Conditions that severely affect the face and facial expression, such as birth defects, craniofacial injuries, and neoplastic diseases, are more common in the very young and in the elderly. Oral-facial pain can greatly reduce quality of life and restrict major functions. Pain is a common symptom for many of the conditions affecting oral-facial structures. National and state data for many oral and craniofacial diseases and conditions and for population groups are limited or nonexistent. Available state data reveal variations within and among states in patterns of health and disease among population groups. Research is needed to develop better measures of disease and health, to explain the differences among population groups, and to develop interventions targeted at eliminating disparities. Part Three: What Is the Relationship Between Oral Health and General Health and Well-being? Chapters 5 and 6 address key issues in the report's charge—the relationship of oral health to general health and well-being. Chapter 5 explores the theme of the mouth as reflecting general health or disease status. Examples are given of how oral tissues may signal the presence of disease, disease progression, or exposure to risk factors, and how oral cells and fluids are increasingly being used as diagnostic tools. This is followed by a discussion of the mouth as a portal of entry for infections that can affect local tissues and may spread to other parts of the body. The final sections review the literature regarding emerging associations between oral diseases and diabetes, heart disease and stroke, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The findings include: Many systemic diseases and conditions have oral manifestations. These manifestations may be the initial sign of clinical disease and as such serve to inform clinicians and individuals of the need for further assessment. The oral cavity is a portal of entry as well as the site of disease for microbial infections that affect general health status. The oral cavity and its functions can be adversely affected by many pharmaceuticals and other therapies commonly used in treating systemic conditions. The oral complications of these therapies can compromise patient compliance with treatment. Individuals such as immunocompromised and hospitalized patients are at greater risk for general morbidity due to oral infections. Individuals with diabetes are at greater risk for periodontal diseases. Animal and population-based studies have demonstrated an association between periodontal diseases and diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Further research is needed to determine the extent to which these associations are causal or coincidental. Chapter 6 demonstrates the relationship between oral health and quality of life, presenting data on the consequences of poor oral health and altered appearance on speech, eating, and other functions, as well as on self-esteem, social interaction, education, career achievement, and emotional state. The chapter introduces anthropological and ethnographic literature to underscore the cultural values and symbolism attached to facial appearance and teeth. An examination of efforts to characterize the functional and social implications of oral and craniofacial diseases reveals the following findings: Oral health is related to well-being and quality of life as measured along functional, psychosocial, and economic dimensions. Diet, nutrition, sleep, psychological status, social interaction, school, and work are affected by impaired oral and craniofacial health. Cultural values influence oral and craniofacial health and well-being and can play an important role in care utilization practices and in perpetuating acceptable oral health and facial norms. Oral and craniofacial diseases and their treatment place a burden on society in the form of lost days and years of productive work. Acute dental conditions contribute to a range of problems for employed adults, including restricted activity, bed days, and work loss, and school loss for children. In addition, conditions such as oral and pharyngeal cancers contribute to premature death and can be measured by years of life lost. Oral and craniofacial diseases and conditions contribute to compromised ability to bite, chew, and swallow foods; limitations in food selection; and poor nutrition. These conditions include tooth loss, diminished salivary functions, oral-facial pain conditions such as temporomandibular disorders, alterations in taste, and functional limitations of prosthetic replacements. Oral-facial pain, as a symptom of untreated dental and oral problems and as a condition in and of itself, is a major source of diminished quality of life. It is associated with sleep deprivation, depression, and multiple adverse psychosocial outcomes. Self-reported impacts of oral conditions on social function include limitations in verbal and nonverbal communication, social interaction, and intimacy. Individuals with facial disfigurements due to craniofacial diseases and conditions and their treatments may experience loss of self-image and self-esteem, anxiety, depression, and social stigma; these in turn may limit educational, career, and marital opportunities and affect other social relations. Reduced oral-health-related quality of life is associated with poor clinical status and reduced access to care. Part Four: How Is Oral Health Promoted and Maintained and How Are Oral Diseases Prevented? The next three chapters review how individuals, health care practitioners, communities, and the nation as a whole contribute to oral health. Chapter 7 reviews the evidence for the efficacy and effectiveness of health promotion and disease prevention measures with a focus on community efforts in preventing oral disease. It continues with a discussion of the knowledge and practices of the public and health care providers and indicates opportunities for broad-based and targeted health promotion. The findings include: Community water fluoridation, an effective, safe, and ideal public health measure, benefits individuals of all ages and socioeconomic strata. Unfortunately, over one third of the U. S. population (100 million people) are without this critical public health measure. Effective disease prevention measures exist for use by individuals, practitioners, and communities. Most of these focus on dental caries prevention, such as fluorides and dental sealants, where a combination of services is required to achieve optimal disease prevention. Daily oral hygiene practices such as brushing and flossing can prevent gingivitis. Community-based approaches for the prevention of other oral diseases and conditions, such as oral and pharyngeal cancers and oral-facial trauma, require intensified developmental efforts. Community-based preventive programs are unavailable to substantial portions of the underserved population. There is a gap between research findings and the oral disease prevention and health promotion practices and knowledge of the public and the health professions. Disease prevention and health promotion approaches, such as tobacco control, appropriate use of fluorides for caries prevention, and folate supplementation for neural tube defect prevention, highlight opportunities for partnerships between community-based programs and practitioners, as well as collaborations among health professionals. Many community-based programs require a combined effort among social service, health care, and education services at the local or state level. Chapter 8 explores the role of the individual and the health care provider in promoting and maintaining oral health and well-being. For the individual, this means exercising appropriate self-care and adopting healthy behaviors. For the provider, it means incorporating the knowledge emerging from the science base in a timely manner for prevention and diagnosis, risk assessment and risk management, and treatment of oral diseases and disorders. The chapter focuses largely on the oral health care provider. The management of oral and craniofacial health and disease necessitates collaborations among a team of care providers to achieve optimal oral and general health. The findings include: Achieving and maintaining oral health require individual action, complemented by professional care as well as community-based activities. Individuals can take actions, for themselves and for persons under their care, to prevent disease and maintain health. Primary prevention of many oral, dental, and craniofacial diseases and conditions is possible with appropriate diet, nutrition, oral hygiene, and health-promoting behaviors, including the appropriate use of professional services. Individuals should use a fluoride dentifrice daily to help prevent dental caries and should brush and floss daily to prevent gingivitis. All primary care providers can contribute to improved oral and craniofacial health. Interdisciplinary care is needed to manage the oral health–general health interface. Dentists, as primary care providers, are uniquely positioned to play an expanded role in the detection, early recognition, and management of a wide range of complex oral and general diseases and conditions. Nonsurgical interventions are available to reverse disease progression and to manage oral diseases as infections. New knowledge and the development of molecular and genetically based tests will facilitate risk assessment and management and improve the ability of health care providers to customize treatment. Health care providers can successfully deliver tobacco cessation and other health promotion programs in their offices, contributing to both overall health and oral health. Biocompatible rehabilitative materials and biologically engineered tissues are being developed and will greatly enhance the treatment options available to providers and their patients. Chapter 9 describes the roles of dental practitioners and their teams, the medical community, and public health agencies at local, state, and national levels in administering care or reimbursing for the costs of care. These activities are viewed against the changing organization of U. S. health care and trends regarding the workforce in research, education, and practice. Dental, medical, and public health delivery systems each provide services that affect oral and craniofacial health in the U. S. population. Clinical oral health care is predominantly provided by a private practice dental workforce. Expenditures for dental services alone made up 4.7 percent of the nation's health expenditures in 1998—$53.8 billion out of $1.1 trillion. These expenditures underestimate the true costs to the nation, however, because data are unavailable to determine the extent of expenditures and services provided for craniofacial health care by other health providers and institutions. The public health infrastructure for oral health is insufficient to address the needs of disadvantaged groups, and the integration of oral and general health programs is lacking. Expansion of community-based disease prevention and lowering of barriers to personal oral health care are needed to meet the needs of the population. Insurance coverage for dental care is increasing but still lags behind medical insurance. For every child under 18 years old without medical insurance, there are at least two children without dental insurance; for every adult 18 years or older without medical insurance, there are three without dental insurance. Eligibility for Medicaid does not ensure enrollment, and enrollment does not ensure that individuals obtain needed care. Barriers include patient and caregiver understanding of the value and importance of oral health to general health, low reimbursement rates, and administrative burdens for both patient and provider. A narrow definition of "medically necessary dental care" currently limits oral health services for many insured persons, particularly the elderly. The dentist-to-population ratio is declining, creating concern as to the capability of the dental workforce to meet the emerging demands of society and provide required services efficiently. An estimated 25 million individuals reside in areas lacking adequate dental care services, as defined by Health Professional Shortage Area (HPSA) criteria. Educational debt has increased, affecting both career choices and practice location. Disparities exist in the oral health profession workforce and career paths. The number of underrepresented minorities in the oral health professions is disproportionate to their distribution in the population at large. Current and projected demand for dental school faculty positions and research scientists is not being met. A crisis in the number of faculty and researchers threatens the quality of dental education; oral, dental, and craniofacial research; and, ultimately, the health of the public. Reliable and valid measures of oral health outcomes do not exist and need to be developed, validated, and incorporated into practice and programs. Part Five: What Are the Needs and Opportunities to Enhance Oral Health? Chapter 10 looks at determinants of oral health in the context of society and across various life stages. Although theorists have proposed a variety of models of health determinants, there is general consensus that individual biology, the physical and socioeconomic environment, personal behaviors and lifestyle, and the organization of health care are key factors whose interplay determines the level of oral health achieved by an individual. The chapter provides examples of these factors with an emphasis on barriers and ways to raise the level of oral health for children and older Americans. The findings include: The major factors that determine oral and general health and well-being are individual biology and genetics; the environment, including its physical and socioeconomic aspects; personal behaviors and lifestyle; access to care; and the organization of health care. These factors interact over the life span and determine the health of individuals, population groups, and communities—from neighborhoods to nations. The burden of oral diseases and conditions is disproportionately borne by individuals with low socioeconomic status at each life stage and by those who are vulnerable because of poor general health. Access to care makes a difference. A complex set of factors underlies access to care and includes the need to have an informed public and policymakers, integrated and culturally competent programs, and resources to pay and reimburse for the care. Among other factors, the availability of insurance increases access to care. Preventive interventions, such as protective head and mouth gear and dental sealants, exist but are not uniformly used or reinforced. Nursing homes and other long-term care institutions have limited capacity to deliver needed oral health services to their residents, most of whom are at increased risk for oral diseases. Anticipatory guidance and risk assessment and management facilitate care for children and for the elderly. Federal and state assistance programs for selected oral health services exist; however, the scope of services is severely limited, and their reimbursement level for oral health services is low compared to the usual fee for care. Chapter 11 spells out in greater detail the promise of the life sciences in improving oral health in the coming years in the context of changes in American—and global—society. The critical role of genetics and molecular biology is emphasized. Chapter 12, the final chapter, iterates the themes of the report and groups the findings from the earlier chapters into eight major categories. These findings, as well as a suggested framework for action to guide the next steps in enhancing the oral health of the nation, are presented below. Back to top Major Findings Oral diseases and disorders in and of themselves affect health and well-being throughout life. The burden of oral problems is extensive and may be particularly severe in vulnerable populations. It includes the common dental diseases and other oral infections such as cold sores and candidiasis that can occur at any stage of life, as well as birth defects in infancy and the chronic facial pain conditions and oral cancers seen in later years. Many of these conditions and their treatments may undermine self-image and self-esteem, discourage normal social interaction, cause other health problems, and lead to chronic stress and depression as well as incur great financial cost. They may also interfere with vital functions such as breathing, food selection, eating, swallowing, and speaking and with activities of daily living such as work, school, and family interactions. Safe and effective measures exist to prevent the most common dental diseases—dental caries and periodontal diseases. Community water fluoridation is safe and effective in preventing dental caries in both children and adults. Water fluoridation benefits all residents served by community water supplies regardless of their social or economic status. Professional and individual measures, including the use of fluoride mouthrinses, gels, dentifrices, and dietary supplements and the application of dental sealants, are additional means of preventing dental caries. Gingivitis can be prevented by good personal oral hygiene practices, including brushing and flossing. Lifestyle behaviors that affect general health such as tobacco use, excessive alcohol use, and poor dietary choices affect oral and craniofacial health as well. These individual behaviors are associated with increased risk for craniofacial birth defects, oral and pharyngeal cancers, periodontal disease, dental caries, and candidiasis, among other oral health problems. Opportunities exist to expand the oral disease prevention and health promotion knowledge and practices of the public through community programs and in health care settings. All health care providers can play a role in promoting healthy lifestyles by incorporating tobacco cessation programs, nutritional counseling, and other health promotion efforts into their practices. There are profound and consequential oral health disparities within the U. S. population. Disparities for various oral conditions may relate to income, age, sex, race or ethnicity, or medical status. Although common dental diseases are preventable, not all members of society are informed about or able to avail themselves of appropriate oral-health-promoting measures. Similarly, not all health providers may be aware of the services needed to improve oral health. In addition, oral health care is not fully integrated into many care programs. Social, economic, and cultural factors and changing population demographics affect how health services are delivered and used, and how people care for themselves. Reducing disparities requires wide-ranging approaches that target populations at highest risk for specific oral diseases and involves improving access to existing care. One approach includes making dental insurance more available to Americans. Public coverage for dental care is minimal for adults, and programs for children have not reached the many eligible beneficiaries. More information is needed to improve America's oral health and eliminate health disparities. We do not have adequate data on health, disease, and health practices and care use for the U. S. population as a whole and its diverse segments, including racial and ethnic minorities, rural populations, individuals with disabilities, the homeless, immigrants, migrant workers, the very young, and the frail elderly. Nor are there sufficient data that explore health issues in relation to sex or sexual orientation. Data on state and local populations, essential for program planning and evaluation, are rare or unavailable and reflect the limited capacity of the U. S. health infrastructure for oral health. Health services research, which could provide much needed information on the cost, cost-effectiveness, and outcomes of treatment, is also sorely lacking. Finally, measurement of disease and health outcomes is needed. Although progress has been made in measuring oral-health-related quality of life, more needs to be done, and measures of oral health per se do not exist. The mouth reflects general health and well-being. The mouth is a readily accessible and visible part of the body and provides health care providers and individuals with a window on their general health status. As the gateway of the body, the mouth senses and responds to the external world and at the same time reflects what is happening deep inside the body. The mouth may show signs of nutritional deficiencies and serve as an early warning system for diseases such as HIV infection and other immune system problems. The mouth can also show signs of general infection and stress. As the number of substances that can be reliably measured in saliva increases, it may well become the diagnostic fluid of choice, enabling the diagnosis of specific disease as well as the measurement of the concentration of a variety of drugs, hormones, and other molecules of interest. Cells and fluids in the mouth may also be used for genetic analysis to help uncover risks for disease and predict outcomes of medical treatments. Oral diseases and conditions are associated with other health problems. Oral infections can be the source of systemic infections in people with weakened immune systems, and oral signs and symptoms often are part of a general health condition. Associations between chronic oral infections and other health problems, including diabetes, heart disease, and adverse pregnancy outcomes, have also been reported. Ongoing research may uncover mechanisms that strengthen the current findings and explain these relationships. Scientific research is key to further reduction in the burden of diseases and disorders that affect the face, mouth, and teeth. The science base for dental diseases is broad and provides a strong foundation for further improvements in prevention; for other craniofacial and oral health conditions the base has not yet reached the same level of maturity. Scientific research has led to a variety of approaches to improve oral health through prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment. We are well positioned to take these prevention measures further by investigating how to develop more targeted and effective interventions and devising ways to enhance their appropriate adoption by the public and the health professions. The application of powerful new tools and techniques is important. Their employment in research in genetics and genomics, neuroscience, and cancer has allowed rapid progress in these fields. An intensified effort to understand the relationships between oral infections and their management, and other illnesses and conditions is warranted, along with the development of oral-based diagnostics. These developments hold great promise for the health of the American people. Back to top A Framework for Action All Americans can benefit from the development of a National Oral Health Plan to improve quality of life and eliminate health disparities by facilitating collaborations among individuals, health care providers, communities, and policymakers at all levels of society and by taking advantage of existing initiatives. Everyone has a role in improving and promoting oral health. Together we can work to broaden public understanding of the importance of oral health and its relevance to general health and well-being, and to ensure that existing and future preventive, diagnostic, and treatment measures for oral diseases and disorders are made available to all Americans. The following are the principal components of the plan: Change perceptions regarding oral health and disease so that oral health becomes an accepted component of general health. Change public perceptions. Many people consider oral signs and symptoms to be less important than indications of general illness. As a result, they may avoid or postpone needed care, thus exacerbating the problem. If we are to increase the nation's capacity to improve oral health and reduce health disparities, we need to enhance the public's understanding of the meaning of oral health and the relationship of the mouth to the rest of the body. These messages should take into account the multiple languages and cultural traditions that characterize America's diversity. Change policymakers' perceptions. Informed policymakers at the local, state, and federal levels are critical in ensuring the inclusion of oral health services in health promotion and disease prevention programs, care delivery systems, and reimbursement schedules. Raising awareness of oral health among legislators and public officials at all levels of government is essential to creating effective public policy to improve America's oral health. Every conceivable avenue should be used to inform policymakers—informally through their organizations and affiliations and formally through their governmental offices—if rational oral health policy is to be formulated and effective programs implemented. Change health providers' perceptions. Too little time is devoted to oral health and disease topics in the education of nondental health professionals. Yet all care providers can and should contribute to enhancing oral health. This can be accomplished in several ways, such as including an oral examination as part of a general medical examination, advising patients in matters of tobacco cessation and diet, and referring patients to oral health practitioners for care prior to medical or surgical treatments that can damage oral tissues, such as cancer chemotherapy or radiation to the head and neck. Health care providers should be ready, willing, and able to work in collaboration to provide optimal health care for their patients. Having informed health care professionals will ensure that the public using the health care system will benefit from interdisciplinary services and comprehensive care. To prepare providers for such a role will involve, among other factors, curriculum changes and multidisciplinary training. Accelerate the building of the science and evidence base and apply science effectively to improve oral health. Basic behavioral and biomedical research, clinical trials, and population-based research have been at the heart of scientific advances over the past decades. The nation's continued investment in research is critical for the provision of new knowledge about oral and general health and disease for years to come and needs to be accelerated if further improvements are to be made. Equally important is the effective transfer of research findings to the public and health professions. However, the next steps are more complicated. The challenge is to understand complex diseases caused by the interaction of multiple genes with environmental and behavioral variables—a description that applies to most oral diseases and disorders—and translate research findings into health care practice and healthy lifestyles. This report highlights many areas of research opportunities and needs in each chapter. At present, there is an overall need for behavioral and clinical research, clinical trials, health services research, and community-based demonstration research. Also, development of risk assessment procedures for individuals and communities and of diagnostic markers to indicate whether an individual is more or less susceptible to a given disease can provide the basis for formulating risk profiles and tailoring treatment and program options accordingly. Vital to progress in this area is a better understanding of the etiology and distribution of disease. But as this report makes clear, epidemiologic and surveillance databases for oral health and disease, health services, utilization of care, and expenditures are limited or lacking at the national, state, and local levels. Such data are essential in conducting health services research, generating research hypotheses, planning and evaluating programs, and identifying emerging public health problems. Future data collection must address differences among the subpopulations making up racial and ethnic groups. More attention must also be paid to demographic variables such as age, sex, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic factors in determining health status. Clearly, the more detailed information that is available, the better can program planners establish priorities and targeted interventions. Progress in elucidating the relationships between chronic oral inflammatory infections, such as periodontitis, and diabetes and glycemic control as well as other systemic conditions will require a similar intensified commitment to research. Rapid progress can also occur with efforts in the area of the natural repair and regeneration of oral tissues and organs. Improvements in oral health depend on multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches to biomedical and behavioral research, including partnerships among researchers in the life and physical sciences, and on the ability of practitioners and the public to apply research findings effectively. Build an effective health infrastructure that meets the oral health needs of all Americans and integrates oral health effectively into overall health. The public health capacity for addressing oral health is dilute and not integrated with other public health programs. Although the Healthy People 2010 objectives provide a blueprint for outcome measures, a national public health plan for oral health does not exist. Furthermore, local, state, and federal resources are limited in the personnel, equipment, and facilities available to support oral health programs. There is also a lack of available trained public health practitioners knowledgeable about oral health. As a result, existing disease prevention programs are not being implemented in many communities, creating gaps in prevention and care that affect the nation's neediest populations. Indeed, cutbacks in many state budgets have reduced staffing of state and territorial dental programs and curtailed oral health promotion and disease prevention efforts. An enhanced public health infrastructure would facilitate the development of strengthened partnerships with private practitioners, other public programs, and voluntary groups. There is a lack of racial and ethnic diversity in the oral health workforce. Efforts to recruit members of minority groups to positions in health education, research, and practice in numbers that at least match their representation in the general population not only would enrich the talent pool, but also might result in a more equitable geographic distribution of care providers. The effect of that change could well enhance access and utilization of oral health care by racial and ethnic minorities. A closer look at trends in the workforce discloses a worrisome shortfall in the numbers of men and women choosing careers in oral health education and research. Government and private sector leaders are aware of the problem and are discussing ways to increase and diversify the talent pool, including easing the financial burden of professional education, but additional incentives may be necessary. Remove known barriers between people and oral health services. This report presents data on access, utilization, financing, and reimbursement of oral health care; provides additional data on the extent of the barriers; and points to the need for public-private partnerships in seeking solutions. The data indicate that lack of dental insurance, private or public, is one of several impediments to obtaining oral health care and accounts in part for the generally poorer oral health of those who live at or near the poverty line, lack health insurance, or lose their insurance upon retirement. The level of reimbursement for services also has been reported to be a problem and a disincentive to the participation of providers in certain public programs. Professional organizations and government agencies are cognizant of these problems and are exploring solutions that merit evaluation. Particular concern has been expressed about the nation's children, and initiatives such as the State Children's Health Insurance Program, while not mandating coverage for oral health services, are a positive step. In addition, individuals whose health is physically, mentally, and emotionally compromised need comprehensive integrated care. Use public-private partnerships to improve the oral health of those who still suffer disproportionately from oral diseases. The collective and complementary talents of public health agencies, private industry, social services organizations, educators, health care providers, researchers, the media, community leaders, voluntary health organizations and consumer groups, and concerned citizens are vital if America is not just to reduce, but to eliminate, health disparities. This report highlights variations in oral and general health within and across all population groups. Increased public-private partnerships are needed to educate the public, to educate health professionals, to conduct research, and to provide health care services and programs. These partnerships can build and strengthen cross-disciplinary, culturally competent, community-based, and community-wide efforts and demonstration programs to expand initiatives for health promotion and disease prevention. Examples of such efforts include programs to prevent tobacco use, promote better dietary choices, and encourage the use of protective gear to prevent sports injuries. In this way, partnerships uniting sports organizations, schools, the faith community, and other groups and leaders, working in concert with the health community, can contribute to improved oral and general health. Back to top Conclusion The past half century has seen the meaning of oral health evolve from a narrow focus on teeth and gingiva to the recognition that the mouth is the center of vital tissues and functions that are critical to total health and well-being across the life span. The mouth as a mirror of health or disease, as a sentinel or early warning system, as an accessible model for the study of other tissues and organs, and as a potential source of pathology affecting other systems and organs has been described in earlier chapters and provides the impetus for extensive future research. Past discoveries have enabled Americans today to enjoy far better oral health than their forebears a century ago. But the evidence that not all Americans have achieved the same level of oral health and well-being stands as a major challenge, one that demands the best efforts of public and private agencies and individuals. Back to top References Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA). National Health Expenditures projections: 1998-2008. Office of the Actuary. http://www.hcfa.gov/stats/NHE-Proj/. 2000 Apr 25. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS). Healthy People 2010 (Conference Edition, in two volumes). Washington; 2000 Jan. U. S. General Accounting Office (GAO). Oral health in low-income populations. GAO/HEHS-00-72. 2000 Apr. Back to top Project Team Caswell A. Evans DDS, MPH Project Director and Executive Editor Assistant Director, Los Angeles County Department of Health Services Dushanka V. Kleinman DDS, MSc D Co-Executive Editor Deputy Director National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health William R. Maas DDS, MPH, MS Chief Dental Officer, U. S. Public Health Service Director, Division of Oral Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Harold C. Slavkin DDS Director, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health Joan S. Wilentz MA Science Writer and Editor Roseanne Price ELS Editor Marla Fogelman Editor July 2000Back to top Download Full Report Available in PDF (4.7MB))Back to top Last Reviewed on February 2018
D2060795	Real Estate Sales Agent Salaries in Las Vegas, Nevada	COMPANALYST DRIVES ENTERPRISE SUCCESSLearn how best-in-class companies use Comp Analyst to create new,personalized talent management experiences for their employees. Explore Comp Analyst Salary Salary + Bonus Benefitsview as table50% (Median)$42,02710%$40,17325%$41,05675%$53,45890%$63,865Related Content9 Things Not to Say For a Raise8 Jobs That Pay $50K11 Odd Jobs With High Salaries Looking for More Data? Real Estate Sales Agent Salaries in NVUS National Average Salaries for Real Estate Sales Agent Canadian National Average Salaries for Real Estate Sales Agent Purchase Full Report Refine by: Change Search Criteria GET CUSTOMIZED SOLUTIONS FOR YOUR BUSINESSGrow your business with detailed skills and competenciesreports, job and employee pricing, and other powerfulcompensation tools. View Custom Solutions
D1706653	Slovak, Slavic, Slavonic...	Slovak, Slavic, Slavonic... Q: What's the difference? The Slavs were a people who spoke the Ancient Slavic language about 2,000 years ago. They probably lived north-east of today's Slovakia, some suggest they may have been in Central Europe too. Slovak archeologists and historians assume that they began to reach present-day Slovakia's territory sometime after 500 CE, and that by about 600 CE at the latest, some were already there. The ancient language has since separated into a number of languages that include Slovak, Polish, Rusyn, Croatian, Russian – over a dozen altogether. Each of them is a Slavic language. They belong to the family of Slavic languages, because they have Ancient Slavic as their common ancestor. British English uses the word Slavonic instead, Slavic and Slavonic mean the same. Slovak is a Slavic or a Slavonic language. ( See table at bottom. )Switch to country names The Slavs had populated a large part of Central Europe and many other areas by around 800 CE. As countries began to emerge around them, many adopted the name of the country as their own: the Slavs who found themselves in the Kingdom of Poland began to call themselves Poles, the Slavs in the Margraviate of Moravia called themselves Moravians, etc. Kingdom of Hungary Some Slavs were incorporated in countries whose names were already linked to speakers of non-Slavic languages. Those Slavs were able to retain their original name, because it distinguished them from the other people in their own country and soon also from the Slavs in the neighboring countries who replaced their original name with a country designation. That was the case with the Slovaks in the Kingdom of Hungary, with the Slovenes, who were incorporated in the expanding German-Austrian realm, and a few other groups whose languages have since disappeared. As the Slovaks' (and Slovenes') word for themselves and the Slavs underwent historical changes, it ceased to refer to all the Slavs and came to mean only them. That is why the words are similar. These nations (the Slovaks and Slovenes) also developed new words to use in the general meaning of "a Slav" and "Slavic. "Slovak and the West Slavic ( Slavonic in British English) languages (yellow); other Slavic languages (dark yellow); English and other Germanic languages (purple). Like Slovak is a Slavic language, English (as well as German, Norwegian, and others) is a Germanic language. Germanic has a wider meaning than German, and Slavic has a wider meaning than Slovak (or Slovene ). Slavish, Slovac, Slavack... As long ago as in 1845 a letter to a U. S. newspaper clarified the difference between on the one hand speaking specifically about the Slovaks and on the other hand about the Slavs ( Slaviane, as the author called them) in a general sense: But when the immigrants used English in the 19th and early 20th centuries, they were often as uncertain of the English versions of their ethnic names as the Americans were confounded by the similarity. In addition to calling their fraternals and parishes Slovak, some Slovak-Americans would name them Slovac and Slavish. The word Slovak had generally replaced other versions in the names of Slovak-American organizations by the mid-1920s. Although not as common in Slovak-American documents, English-language sources also used Slavack, Slovish, and similar words. Context is usually required to clarify whether the reference was to the Slovaks, Slavs, or Slovenes. Country Language Person Adjective Note Slovakia Slovak Slovak Slovak (Slovakian) -ian is not used by official Slovak sources. Slovenia Slovene or Slovenian Slovene or Slovenian Slovene or Slovenian Both used officially.– Slavic (or Slavonic) Slav Slavic (or Slavonic) Historical or modern language family.– Church Slavic (or Slavonic) – Church Slavic (or Slavonic) Byzantine and Orthodox religious language.– Old Church Slavic (or Slavonic) – Old Church Slavic (or Slavonic) Slavs' religious language from 863 CE– Old Slavic or Ancient Slavic (Slavonic) Old Slav or Ancient Slav Old Slavic or Ancient Slavic (Slavonic) Sometimes used about Slavs before ca. 900 CESlavonia – (Slavonian) Slavonian Territory in Croatia. (Slovincian) Extinct.
D945384	What does inquiry mean ?	Education & Reference Words & Wordplay What does inquiry mean ? In order to ensure secure transmission of your information, please do not reply directly to this e-mail. Instead, because our website is a much more secure method for you to transmit sensitive data, please send a new e-mail through our website and include your password along with your inquiry. What do they need i... show more Update: This is from verizon about a phone thing1 following Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: "inquiry" means question. however... from what i'm reading of your question you are being "phished." that means whoever sent your information is asking for your password and is undoubtedly trying to steal information (or more likely, money) from you. DO NOT GO TO THE WEBSITE THEY LINK TO IN THE EMAIL AND NEVER INCLUDE YOUR PASSWORD. if this email looks like it came from ebay or paypal, then forward the message to [email protected] or [email protected] and they will deal with it. if it came from your bank... ignore the email and contact your bank. edit: look at the return address in the email and look at the full headers. i seriously doubt that verizon is writing to you and asking about your password. i reiterate that there is NO REASON VERIZON WILL ASK YOU FOR YOUR PASSWORD. you are being phished. call verizon directly and deal with the issue rather than trying to deal with it by email. forward the email to [email protected] i've checked (via google search for "verizon phishing") and indeed there is a phishing scam in operation. i've posted a link to it in sources. take a look... i bet you a dollar that the email you've received looks very similar to the one at the verizon site (which explains the scam). Source (s):http://netservices.verizon.net/portal/li... and http://netservices.verizon.net/portal/li...jbcoops · 9 years ago3 0 Comment First off, do not send anyone a password. Second an inquiry is a question. This sounds like a phishing scam.badboater1 · 9 years ago2 0 Commentinquiry means questions or request for information. Counter Strike · 9 years ago1 1 Comment A question Georgia · 4 years ago0 0 Commentwhatever you are stupid and dumb and show a face or something oh and i think you have no face at all what so ever because you dont show your face dumb * *** XDAnonymous · 2 years ago0 1 1 comment Thanks for asking this. We are all a little more wary now to scams. Kate Alex Bahleef · 9 years ago0 1 Commentquestion, investigation,Dr. John L · 9 years ago0 1 Comment Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Looking for a new chandelier? Look For an Accident Attorney Try for your MBA online? Considering an online college?
D90680	Hazard and Risk	Hazard and Risk Electricity Lone Workers Manual Handling Pedestrian safety Slips, Trips and Falls Working at Height What is a Hazard? When we refer to hazards in relation to occupational safety and health the most commonly used definition is ‘ A Hazard is a potential source of harm or adverse health effect on a person or persons’. The terms Hazard and Risk are often used interchangeably but this simple example explains the difference between the two. If there was a spill of water in a room then that water would present a slipping hazard to persons passing through it. If access to that area was prevented by a physical barrier then the hazard would remain though the risk would be minimised. What is Risk? When we refer to risk in relation to occupational safety and health the most commonly used definition is ‘ risk is the likelihood that a person may be harmed or suffers adverse health effects if exposed to a hazard.’Categorising Risk The level of risk is often categorised upon the potential harm or adverse health effect that the hazard may cause, the number of times persons are exposed and the number of persons exposed. For example exposure to airborne asbestos fibres will always be classified as high because a single exposure may cause potentially fatal lung disease, whereas the risk associated with using a display screen for a short period could be considered to be very low as the potential harm or adverse health effects are minimal. What are Control Measures? Control measures include actions that can be taken to reduce the potential of exposure to the hazard, or the control measure could be to remove the hazard or to reduce the likelihood of the risk of the exposure to that hazard being realised. A simple control measure would be the secure guarding of moving parts of machinery eliminating the potential for contact. When we look at control measures we often refer to the hierarchy of control measures.1. Eliminate the hazard Elimination of the hazard is not always achievable though it does totally remove the hazard and thereby eliminates the risk of exposure. An example of this would be that petrol station attendants in Ireland are no longer exposed to the risk of chronic lead poisoning following the removal of lead from petrol products sold at forecourts.2. Substitute the hazard with a lesser risk Substituting the hazard may not remove all of the hazards associated with the process or activity and may introduce different hazards but the overall harm or health effects will be lessened. In laboratory research, toluene is now often used as a substitute for benzene. The solvent-properties of the two are similar but toluene is less toxic and is not categorised as a carcinogen although toluene can cause severe neurological harm.3. Isolate the hazard Isolating the hazard is achieved by restricting access to plant and equipment or in the case of substances locking them away under strict controls. When using certain chemicals then a fume cupboard can isolate the hazard from the person, similarly placing noisy equipment in a non-accessible enclosure or room isolates the hazard from the person (s).4. Use engineering controls Engineering Controls involve redesigning a process to place a barrier between the person and the hazard or remove the hazard from the person, such as machinery guarding, proximity guarding, extraction systems or removing the operator to a remote location away from the hazard.5. Use administrative controls Administrative controls include adopting standard operating procedures or safe work practices or providing appropriate training, instruction or information to reduce the potential for harm and/or adverse health effects to person (s). Isolation and permit to work procedures are examples of administrative controls.6. Use personal protective equipment Personal protective equipment (PPE) include gloves, glasses, earmuffs, aprons, safety footwear, dust masks which are designed to reduce exposure to the hazard. PPE is usually seen as the last line of defence and is usually used in conjunction with one or more of the other control measures. An example of the weakness of this control measure is that it is widely recognised that single-use dust masks cannot consistently achieve and maintain an effective facepiece-to-face seal, and cannot be adequately fit-tested and do not offer much, if any real protection against small particulates and may lead to a false sense of security and increase risk. In such instances an extraction system with fitted respirators may be preferable where the hazard may have significant health effects from low levels of exposure such as using isocyante containing chemicals.back to top What is Risk Assessment? Risk Assessment is where the severity of the Hazard and its potential outcomes are considered in conjunction with other factors including the level of exposure and the numbers of persons exposed and the risk of that hazard being realised. There are a number of different formulae used to calculate the overall risk from basic calculations using high, medium and low categories to complicated algorithms to calculate risks at Nuclear power stations and other high risk work locations. It is important to ensure that the residual risk following implementation of control measures is ‘as low as is reasonably possible (ALARP). For a risk to be ALARP it must be possible to demonstrate that the cost involved in reducing the risk further would be grossly disproportionate to the benefit gained. Further guidance on risk assessment can be found in the publication Guidelines on Risk Assessments (2.1 Mb) .back to top
D264645	How do I treat minor cuts and scratches on my skin?	Dr. Mehmet Oz, MDCardiology (Cardiovascular Disease)You can treat minor cuts and scrapes yourself by following a few simple steps: Wash your hands and the cut with mild soap and rinse well. Apply pressure to the cut with a clean cloth to stop the bleeding. Apply antibacterial ointment and a bandage. If a cut is large, appears to be deep, or won't stop bleeding, seek medical attention right away. Stuart A. Linder, MDPlastic Surgery Minor cuts and scratches may be treated with cleansing with hydrogen peroxide followed by antibiotic ointment placement twice a day. Bandaids or occlusive dressings may be used in non-infected wounds. Ben Kaminsky Dermatology The problem is that once the skin is broken, bacteria can enter the wound, causing infection. Apply first aid immediately upon injuring the skin. If the wound or scratch is bleeding, cover it with a clean cloth and apply pressure for 2 or 3 minutes until the bleeding stops. If the wound is not gaping or bleeding much, apply an antiseptic such as Betadine spray, and cover the sound with a gauze bandage. Try to avoid letting the gauze stick to the wound or it can irritate it. After 3 to 4 days of healing, apply an antibiotic ointment to the wound and rub gently over the scab. Look for ointments containing antibiotics such as Polymixin B and bacitracin. Most cuts and scrapes heal quickly with regular cleaning and covering. For a deep wound, seek medical help. More About this Book Beyond Botox: 7 Strategies for Sexy, Ageless Skin Without Needles or Surgery Sexy and ageless skin is possible for a woman at any age--and she doesn't have to resort to invasive treatments like Botox to get it-as long as she cares for her skin properly, says Ben Kaminsky,... Buy the Book Continue Learning about Skin Injury Related to Skin Injury Burns Frostbite Important: This content reflects information from various individuals and organizations and may offer alternative or opposing points of view. It should not be used for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. As always, you should consult with your healthcare provider about your specific health needs. Trending on Sharecare
D3056582	Medical: Management, Support & Non-bargained Hourly Employees & UAW-represented Employees	Management, support and non-bargained hourly employees; Solar Turbines employees; UAW-represented employees; and others who follow the Employee Health, Life and Disability Benefit Program are eligible for: A PPO option administered through United Healthcare (UHC)Two CDHP options administered through United Healthcare (UHC)An EPO option administered through Blue Cross Blue Shield (BCBS)ABOUT THE PLAN OPTIONS The CDHP options and the traditional PPO plan option provide you and your covered family members with comprehensive medical coverage with the same services, network providers and network discounts. The traditional Blue Cross Blue Shield EPO option also provides comprehensive medical coverage, but it uses a different provider network and may provide different services and network discounts. The plans are self-funded. That means Caterpillar (along with the employee premiums collected) pays the costs of the plans. UHC and BCBS administer the medical claims, but don't insure the benefits under the plans. Choosing lower-cost healthcare options, when available and appropriate for your situation, reduces costs for you, the plans and Caterpillar. TIP: Before getting services, it's always a good idea to check your coverage with your healthcare carrier. To review your current healthcare plan information, visit resources.hewitt.com/cat.
D1685530	Wine allergy: What are the symptoms and common causes?	Tweet (Natural News) It is well known that drinking wine has positive effects on health when taken in moderation. Wine contains antioxidants that protect cells against damage. But who knows about wine allergy and the effect that it can have on health? Whereas a true wine allergy is rare, it is not uncommon to experience intolerance-like symptoms such as rashes, diarrhea and vomiting (aside from drinking too much...). Different chemicals and ingredients in wine can cause a reaction. What are these reactions and what are the symptoms caused by? Common wine allergy symptoms Allergy symptoms occur when the immune system overreacts to an allergen. If there is an allergy, the immune system acts as if the allergen were dangerous, releasing a chemical called histamine that causes allergy symptoms. A reaction can be mild but may be life threatening in some cases. Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that occurs suddenly and can worsen quickly. However it rarely happens with wine consumption. The most common symptoms of a wine intolerance or allergy are: skin rashes, flushed skin, diarrhea, vomiting, shortness of breath, stomach cramps, runny nose and swollen eyes. There are also long-term symptoms of wine intolerance, such as: eczema, headaches, migraines, chronic fatigue and low mood. What are the symptoms of a wine intolerance caused by? The symptoms are caused by an intolerance or immune reaction to some food ingredients or chemicals in wine. These issues have long been attributed to sulfites, but research now shows that other components such as glycoproteins may be to blame for this reaction to wine. Sulfites occur naturally in the process of making wine. They are often added to wine as preservatives. Sulfites are not only found in wine and beer, but also in a large variety of foods like dried fruit. The FDA estimates that one out of 100 people is sensitive to sulfites. Since there are sulfites in other foods, why would people have a reaction to sulfites in wine only? Sulfites may not be the problem in wine sensitivity. Glycoproteins are proteins that also occur in other fruits such as bananas and kiwis. While some glycoproteins get formed during the fermentation process, others just live in the grape itself. When consumed, they may trigger allergy symptoms. Once again, more research is needed to confirm this. Also, it is not uncommon to be allergic to a specific grape variety. For instance, red wine seems to trigger more symptoms than white wine. The Red Wine Headache (RWH) is a headache often accompanied by nausea and flushing that occurs after drinking even a single glass of red wine. Sulfites are not the cause of RWH as almost all wine contains sulfites, including white wine. As for histamines (a chemical which occurs naturally in certain foods and which is also released in the body as part of an allergic reaction), studies found no difference in reactions to low and high histamine wine. What about tannins that give a red wine pigment and bitterness? There are other foods that contain tannin, such as tea or chocolate. If people do not react to a cup of tea, why would they react to tannin in red wine? As a conclusion, there are a few theories for wine allergy. On the list of most possible causes are: prostaglandins, tyramine, yeast and bacteria, substances in the cork, and even the alcohol itself... This is not to say that more research is not needed to find the causes. For people who experience allergy symptoms, abstinence is likely to be the best option so far. Sources for this article include:http://www.jonbarron.orghttp://www.thekitchn.comhttp://www.foodreactions.orghttp://science.naturalnews.comhttp://science.naturalnews.com About the author: Originally from France, Joséphine Beck has qualification in digestive care and nutritional product advising, and holds a master degree in communication and information. She now lives in BC, Canada. Joséphine is the founder of the website Opti Derma.com, through which she helps people find natural remedies for skin problems .
D3112790	Fin 310 Chapter 2	12 terms ty_hentges Fin 310 Chapter 2Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sortloanable funds theory theory used to explain interest rate movements, suggests that the market interest rate is determined by the factors controlling the supply of and demand for loanable funds.interest inelastic Insensitive to interest ratesforeign demand depends on interest rate differential between the two countriescrowding out effect government demand for funds crowd out private demand for fundseconomic conditions primary forces in change in supply of savingsfactors that affect interest rate movement economic growth, inflation, budget deficit, foreign interest rates, and money supply. Explain what is meant by interest elasticity. Would you expect federal government demand for loanable funds to be more or less interest-elastic than household demand for loanable funds? Why? Interest elasticity of supply represents a change in the quantity of loanable funds supplied in response to a change in interest rates. Interest elasticity of demand represents a change in the quantity of loanable funds demanded in response to a change in interest rates. Explain why interest rates tend to decrease during recessionary periods. Review historical interest rates to determine how they react to recessionary periods. Explain this reaction. During a recession, firms and consumers reduce their amount of borrowing. The demand for loanable funds decreases and interest rates decrease as a result. Should increasing money supply growth place upward or downward pressure on interest rates? If one believes that higher money supply growth will not cause inflationary expectations, the additional supply of funds places downward pressure on interest rates. However, if one believes that inflation expectations do erupt as a result, demand for loanable funds will also increase, and interest rates could increase (if the increase in demand more than offsets the increase in supply). What is the difference between the nominal interest rate and real interest rate? What is the logic behind the implied positive relationship between expected inflation and nominal interest rates? The nominal interest rate is the quoted interest rate, while the real interest rate is defined as the nominal interest rate minus the expected rate of inflation. The real interest rate represents the recent nominal interest rate minus the recent inflation rate. Investors require a positive real return, which suggests that they will only invest funds if the nominal interest rate is expected to exceed inflation. In this way, the purchasing power of invested funds increases over time. As inflation rises, nominal interest rates should rise as well since investors would require a nominal return that exceeds the inflation rate. Jayhawk Forecasting Services analyzed several factors that could affect interest rates in the future. Most factors were expected to place downward pressure on interest rates. Jayhawk also expected that although the annual budget deficit was to be cut by 40 percent from the previous year, it would still be very large. Thus, Jayhawk believed that the deficit's impact would more than offset the effects of other factors, so it forecast interest rates to increase by 2 percent. Comment on Jayhawk's logic. A reduction in the deficit should free up some funds that had been used to support the government borrowings. Thus, there should be additional funds available to satisfy other borrowing needs. Given this situation plus the other information, Jayhawk should have forecasted lower interest rates. During the credit crisis, U. S. interest rates were extremely low, which enabled businesses to borrow at a low cost. Holding other factors constant, this should result in a higher number of feasible projects, which should encourage businesses to borrow more money and expand. Yet, many businesses that had access to loanable funds were unwilling to borrow during the credit crisis. What other factor changed during this period that more than offset the potentially favorable effect of the low interest rates on project feasibility, therefore discouraging businesses from expanding? Businesses recognized that the cash flows to be generated from their projects would be low because the demand for their products and services was limited. Households could not afford to purchase more products. Thus, while low interest rates allow businesses to borrow funds cheap, many possible projects were not feasible because the expected cash flows were not sufficient.
D779825	What Is the Definition of the Allied Powers?	History Modern History World War 2Q: What Is the Definition of the Allied Powers? A: Quick Answer The Allied Powers, or Allies, refers to coalitions of primarily North American nations victorious over rival, central-European forces in World War I and World War II. The four nations that recurred as the main forces of the Allied Powers in both wars were France, Russia/USSR, the United Kingdom and the United States. Continue Reading Keep Learning What Were the Axis Powers? Which Countries Were the Allied Forces' Enemies During World War II? What Are the Main Countries That Made up the Allied Powers? Full Answer The antagonists of the Allied Powers in World Wars I and II were coalitions begun by Germany, the Central Powers and Axis Powers, respectively. Italy, though an Allied Power during World War I, joined the Axis Powers under the leadership of Benito Mussolini, only to depose Mussolini in 1943 and fight the German occupation of their northern territories. The inclusion of Japan into the Axis Powers made China join the Allied Powers. Otherwise, the history of formal treaties and informal relationships between the countries of the Allied Powers kept the majority of the coalition intact through both wars. Learn more about World War 2Sources: firstworldwar.com britannica.com Related Questions Q: What Was the Outcome of WWII? A: World War II ended on May 8, 1945, on the European front, when Germany surrendered to the Allied Powers. The war ended on the Japanese front on Sept. 2, 19... Full Answer >Filed Under: World War 2Q: How Did the Allies Win World War II? A: The Allies secured victory in World War II when Germany was overwhelmed by the strength of the Soviet Red Army, aid from the United States and the strategy... Full Answer >Filed Under: World War 2Q: Why Did the United States Become Part of WW2? A: Beginning in Europe in 1939, World War II was fought between the Axis (Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (the United States, Great Britain and the S... Full Answer >Filed Under: World War 2Q: Who Were the Major Players in WWII? A: World War II was primarily a conflict between the Allies (the United States, the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Axis powers (Germany, Japan and... Full Answer >Filed Under: World War 2You May Also Like Q: What Is the Definition of a Highly Compensated Employee? Q: What Is the Definition of "extinct Species"? Q: How Was Propaganda Used in WWII? Q: What Is the Definition of "color" in Art? Q: What Is the Definition of Living Things? Q: What Is Crevecoeur's Definition of an American?
D2803363	The driving distance from Ancona, Italy to Rome, Italy is:	The driving distance from Ancona, Italy to Rome, Italy is:193 miles /311 km City: Check-in: Check-out: Rooms: Travelers: Get: Get: From: To: Ancona to Rome road trip Map of driving directions from Ancona, Italy to Rome, Italy Click here to show map Drag the line on the map to calculate the driving distance for a different route. If you want to verify these driving directions or look for another possible route, you can try Google Maps , Bing Maps, or Map Quest. More trip calculationsdriving time from Ancona, Italy to Rome, Italycost of driving from Ancona, Italy to Rome, Italyreverse drive distance from Rome, Italy to Ancona, Italyhalfway between Ancona, Italy and Rome, Italystopping points from Ancona, Italy to Rome, Italyhotels near Rome, Italyflight distance from Ancona, Italy to Rome, Italyflight time from Ancona, Italy to Rome, Italyfly or drive from Ancona, Italy to Rome, Italyairports near Rome, Italyairlines flying to Rome, Italynonstop flights from Ancona, Italy to Rome, Italytime difference between Ancona, Italy and Rome, Italy
D2735170	Phenyl isothiocyanate	Phenyl isothiocyanate Names Preferred IUPAC name Isothiocyanatobenzene [1]Other names Phenyl isothiocyanate [1] Thiocarbanil Identifiers CAS Number103-72-03D model ( JSmol)Interactive image Chem Spider7390ECHA Info Card 100.002.853Pub Chem CID7673UNII0D58F84LSUIn Ch I [show]SMILES [show]Properties Chemical formula C 7 H 5 NSMolar mass 135.19 g/mol Appearance Colorless liquid with a pungent odor [2]Density 1.1288 g/cm 3 [2]Melting point −21 °C (−6 °F; 252 K) [3]Boiling point 221 °C (430 °F; 494 K) [3]Solubility in water negligible [2]Solubility ethanol, ether [3]Magnetic susceptibility (χ) -86.0·10 −6 cm 3 /mol Hazards Main hazards toxic, flammable [2]GHS pictograms [3]GHS signal word Danger [3]GHS hazard statements H331, H311, H301, H314, H317, H334, H361 [3]GHS precautionary statements P301+310, P280, P312, P302+350, P301+330+331, P305+351+338, P310, P261, P304+341, P342+311, P280 [3]Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 k Pa).verify ( what is ? )Infobox references Phenyl isothiocyanate (PITC) is a reagent used in reversed phase HPLC. PITC is less sensitive than o - phthaldehyde (OPA) and cannot be fully automated. PITC can be used for analysing secondary amines, unlike OPA. It is also known as Edman's reagent and is used in Edman degradation. Commercially available, this compound may be synthesized by reacting aniline with carbon disulfide and concentrated ammonia to give the ammonium dithiocarbamate salt of aniline in the first step, which on further reaction with lead (II) nitrate gives phenyl isothiocyanate: [4]Another method of synthesizing this reagent involves a Sandmeyer reaction using aniline, sodium nitrite and copper (I) thiocyanate. A use of phenylisothiocyanate is in the synthesis of linogliride. [5]See also [ edit]Isothiocyanate Naphthyl isothiocyanate References [ edit]^ a b Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2014. p. 665. doi: 10.1039/9781849733069-FP001. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4.^ a b c d http://www.caslab.com/Phenyl_isothiocyanate_CAS_103-72-0/^ a b c d e f g http://www.chemexper.com/cheminfo/servlet/org.dbcreator. Main Servlet?query=entry._entry ID%3D1288243&target=entry&action=Power Search&format=google2008^ F. B. Dains, R. Q. Brewster, and C. P. Olander. "Phenyl isothiocyanate". Organic Syntheses. ; Collective Volume, 1, p. 447^ U. S. Patent 4,211,867A [ hide]v t e Cruciferous biochemistry Types of compounds Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC/PTU) Thiocyanates Nitriles Indoles Gibberellin Glucosinolates Glucobrassicin Glucocapparin Glucoraphanin Gluconasturtiin Glucotropaeolin Progoitrin Sinigrin Sinalbin Isothiocyanates (ITC, mustard oils)Sulforaphane (SFN) Raphanin Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) Methyl isothiocyanate (MITC)Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) Phenyl isothiocyanate (PITC)Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) 6-MITCBioactive metabolites Goitrin Indole-3-carbinol Brassicaceae ( Cruciferous vegetables): Brassica Raphanus Cruciferous Biochemistry genera (list)
D2027345	Getting Organized \| Tips on keeping track of business receipts	Getting Organized \| Tips on keeping track of business receipts March 8, 2012 by Brian Sutter 2 Comments Having organized records of purchases is essential to operating a successful business. So before you pull out your hair this tax season, take some time to organize your expenses and follow these quick steps to better track your business receipts. Separate business and pleasure As a small business owner, it is important to have a separate bank account for all business expenses. Do not pay any personal expenses from this account. If you absolutely need money from your business for a personal expense, then we suggest writing yourself a check. Set up a filing system Find a system that works for you. If a small accordion folder separated into the 12 months of a year works for you, then stick to it. The idea is to keep all expenses in one organized location that will be easy to find at a later date. The last thing you want to do is turn your office upside down when you receive a letter from the IRS. Quickly file your receipts We understand that running a small business is hard work and is very time consuming, but it is important to file your business receipts as soon as possible. It’s good to get in the habit of filing your receipts every day, or at least once a week. Don’t just stuff them in your desk drawer and plan to tackle them later. It won’t happen. Provide details Running a small business is stressful, so remembering each purchase is nearly an impossible task. Before you file away each receipt, take the time to staple a small piece of paper and then write down: the date, location, and why you made the purchase. Don’t forget travel When traveling for business, it is easy to loose, misplace, or forget to obtain receipts with your purchases. Thankfully, there are thousands of mobile apps to help you organize any and all business travel expenditures. For those not too tech-savvy, a great method is to keep an envelope system for all travel receipts. Once you return, be sure to file them immediately!Don’t get caught scrambling this tax season and take the time to organize your yearly expenses. Your accountant will thank you. Have you ever experienced a receipt nightmare? Let us know how you resolved it in the comments below. Related content: Why Maintaining a Business Plan is Important Handling Job-Hungry College Students: 3 Key Factors to Know When Hiring Year in Review – Our Top Posts of the Year12 Impactful Small Business Articles in 2013Smart HR: What Causes Turnover? Rate this article Rating: 4.3/ 5 (3 votes cast)Getting Organized \| Tips on keeping track of business receipts, 4.3 out of 5 based on 3 ratings Bio Twitter Facebook Google+ Linked In Latest Posts Brian Sutter Director of Marketing at Wasp Barcode Brian Sutter is the Director of Marketing at Wasp, responsible for the development and execution of the company’s marketing strategy. His role encompasses brand management, direct and channel marketing, public relations, advertising, and social media. He also writes and speaks on topics related to helping small business owners grow their business and improve operational efficiency. Filed Under: Asset Management, Healthcare Technology, Inventory Management, Retail Point of Sales, Small Business Magazine, Taxes
D3094124	AngularJS: Getting around ngApp limitations with ngModule	Angular JS: Getting around ng App limitations with ng Module April 6, 2014 by Luis Perez As you Angular JS application gets more complex you will likely come to discover that the ng App directive has two fairly big limitations: You can only have one ng-app per page. You can only associate a single module with a single HTML element Combine modules into a single module One way to work around this is to “combine” multiple modules into a single module by referencing them in another module. Here is an example of what I mean:<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><script src = "angular.js" ></script><script>var module A = angular. module ( "My Module A", []);module A. controller ( "My Controller A", function ( $scope) {$scope. name = "Bob A";});var module B = angular. module ( "My Module B", []);module B. controller ( "My Controller B", function ( $scope) {$scope. name = "Steve B";});angular. module ( "Combine Module", [ "My Module A", "My Module B" ]);</script></head><body ng-app = "Combine Module" ><div><h1> my Div1 </h1><div ng-controller = "My Controller A" > { {name}} </div></div><div><h1> my Div2 </h1><div ng-controller = "My Controller B" > { {name}} </div></div></body></html>That works, but it has it’s problems. One it’s less clear the second div my Div2 only needs the controller from My Module B why combine everything. You can imagine it would become less clear as your app and therefore the number of modules grows. Also this example works because the controllers have different names, what if they had the same names. Being able to associate different modules with different HTML elements would give us better control of our namespace. Do it programmatically using angular.bootstrap ()You might be surprised to find out that the limitations of the ng App are not limitations of Angular itself. Angular allows you to associate more than one module per HTML element. Angular also allows you to have multiple HTML elements on a page associate with modules. You just have to do it grammatically. Below is an example of how to do this. In this example we have two modules each with one controller. my Div1 is associated with both modules. While my Div2 is associated with just with a single module.<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><script src = "angular.js" ></script><script>var module A = angular. module ( "My Module A", []);module A. controller ( "My Controller A", function ( $scope) {$scope. name = "Bob A";});var module B = angular. module ( "My Module B", []);module B. controller ( "My Controller B", function ( $scope) {$scope. name = "Steve B";});angular. element ( document ). ready ( function () {var my Div1 = document. get Element By Id ( "my Div1" );angular. bootstrap ( my Div1, [ "My Module A", "My Module B" ]);var my Div2 = document. get Element By Id ( "my Div2" );angular. bootstrap ( my Div2, [ "My Module B" ]);});</script></head><body><div id = "my Div1" ><h1> my Div1 </h1><div ng-controller = "My Controller A" > { {name}} </div><div ng-controller = "My Controller B" > { {name}} </div></div><div id = "my Div2" ><h1> my Div2 </h1><div ng-controller = "My Controller B" > { {name}} </div></div></body></html>The output of that code is:my Div1 Bob A Steve B my Div2 Steve BYou can see for yourself and play around with that code at:http://jsfiddle.net/luisperezphd/QX3f Q/This gives us a lot of flexibility, the problem is it’s pretty ugly. You have to reference the element itself in your code which means you are coupling your code with the HTML. That goes against one of the main goals of Angular. Ideal solution: A more robust ng App (enter ng Module)The ideal solution would be for ng App to allow you to do everything angular.bootstrap () allows you to do. Allow you to use it on multiple HTML elements. Allow you to specify more than one module. Normally the solution to this would be to create your own Angular directive. The problem is, how would you define that directive? You would need a module to define it in which would defeat the purpose. To implement a directive like ng App you would need to implement it the way ng App is implemented. I’ll spare you the trouble, I’ve already implemented it. You can find it on Git Hub at: https://github.com/luisperezphd/ng Module This Java Script file introduces the ng Module directive. Here is an example of how you would rewrite the code above to use ng Module:<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><script src = "angular.js" ></script><script src = "angular.ng-modules.js" ></script><script>var module A = angular. module ( "My Module A", []);module A. controller ( "My Controller A", function ( $scope) {$scope. name = "Bob A";});var module B = angular. module ( "My Module B", []);module B. controller ( "My Controller B", function ( $scope) {$scope. name = "Steve B";});</script></head><body><div ng-modules = "My Module A, My Module B" ><h1> Module A, B </h1><div ng-controller = "My Controller A" > { {name}} </div><div ng-controller = "My Controller B" > { {name}} </div></div><div ng-module = "My Module B" ><h1> Just Module B </h1><div ng-controller = "My Controller B" > { {name}} </div></div></body></html>You see in action here: http://jsfiddle.net/luisperezphd/j5jzsppv/Notes about ng Module You might have noticed that in one case I use the plural version of the directive ng-modules with the “s” and in another case I use the singular version without the “s” ng-module. This was just a preference of mine. I allow for both spellings interchangeably regardless of whether you reference a single or multiple modules. I just liked how it read better. In keeping with Angular’s convention I allow you to use any variation of the directive name. For example, the following are all valid: ng:module, x-ng-modules, data-ng-modules, etc. Finally you should know that while you can now associate multiple HTML elements on a single page with modules by using this directive. Those HTML elements cannot be nested. If they are nested they will not behave properly. Said another way if you associate an HTML element with a module, you can’t associate a child of that element with another module. Why the ng App limitations? One questions that I’ve seen asked in several forums is why did the Angular team place those limitations on ng App to begin with. After all as I mentioned above the Angular framework itself does not have those limitations. I haven’t seen an answer from the Angular team but I can speculate. Earlier versions of angular have the “view” and “route” functionality built in. In fact, that seemed the be the expected or recommended way to use Angular. Since you only have one URL, you can’t have multiple multiple views and routes on the same page. Therefore there might have been little need to be able to associate multiple modules. They might have felt that having a single module associated with a page made it easier to understand and use. After all you often hear Angular often being mentioned as a technology for single page applications. They might have simply not gotten around to it since two approaches already exists for doing it. I covered them above. They might have felt that that kind of information belongs in your code, not your markup. While all these reasons are debatable, I think this one would be the most debatable since it’s possible for a module to only contain directives for front end controls. I mentioned above that Angular JS does not allow nesting. Meaning you can’t have a element and a child element associated with different modules. The Angular team might have felt that because of that limitation it was better to avoid the situation by only allowing one module in your HTML. Learning Angular JS? I created a free 5 day mini email course to walk you through creating an app for scratch. Sign up here
D1659457	11. The American Revolution	11. The American Revolution When the possibility of a clash with the British became real, New England farmers began to arm themselves and train for battle. These troops were dubbed "minutemen" because they could be ready to fight in a minute. This monument to the minutemen stands in Concord, Massachusetts. How could the Americans ever hope defeat the mighty British Empire in a military conflict? Americans faced seemingly impossible obstacles. When the guns fired at Lexington and Concord in 1775, there was not yet even a Continental Army. Those battles were fought by local militias. Few Americans had any military experience, and there was no method of training, supplying, or paying an army. Moreover, a majority of Americans opposed the war in 1775. Many historians believe only about a third of all Americans supported a war against the British at that time. Further, the Colonies had a poor track record of working together. How, then, could a ragtag group of patriots defeat the British? Early Battles John Trumbull The Battle of Bunker Hill was not a military victory for the colonial forces, but it served as an important morale booster. The colonists inflicted heavy casualties on the larger, more powerful British forces. The early stages of war, in 1775, can be best described as British military victories and American moral triumphs. The British routed the minutemen at Lexington, but the relentless colonists unleashed brutal sniper fire on the British returning to Boston from Concord. In June 1775, the colonists failed to prevail at Bunker Hill, but inflicted heavy casualties on a vastly superior military force. A year later, in 1776, while the British occupied New York, Washington led his army to two surprise victories at Trenton and Princeton that uplifted the morale of the patriots. Regardless, by 1777 the British occupied Philadelphia, the seat of the Continental Congress, and sent that body into hiding. The British also controlled New York City and pretty much had their way in the waters along the Eastern Seaboard. In fact, there was no Continental Navy to speak of at this time. Meanwhile, the British began mounting a southward attack from Canada into upstate New York. This threatened to cut New England off from the rest of the Colonies. Saratoga and Valley Forge: The Tide Turns The Battle of Saratoga, in northern New York, served as a critical turning point. The British attempt to capture the Hudson River Valley ended with their surrender to General Horatio Gates in October. Washington, having lost Philadelphia, led his troops to Valley Forge to spend the winter. None of the world's powers had come to the aid of the patriot cause — yet. In early 1778, the French agreed to recognize American independence and formed a permanent alliance with the new nation. Military help and sizable stores of much-needed gunpowder soon arrived. The tide was beginning to turn. The surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown marked the end of the Revolutionary War. This painting by John Trumbull is 12 feet by 18 feet and hangs in the rotunda of the U. S. Capitol Building. A New Type of War The British grew increasingly frustrated. The loss at Saratoga was humiliating. Capturing the enemy's capital, Philadelphia, did not bring them much advantage. As long as the American Continental Army and state militias remained in the field, the British had to keep on fighting. And no matter how much damage the British did to American cities or private property, the Americans refused to surrender. This was a new type of war. Having failed in the north, the British turned their attention to the south. They hoped to inspire Loyalist support among dissatisfied Americans — a hope that was never realized. Fighting continued. The threat of French naval participation kept the British uneasy. A Stunning Defeat In October 1781, the war virtually came to an end when General Cornwallis was surrounded and forced to surrender the British position at Yorktown, Virginia. Two years later, the Treaty of Paris made it official: America was independent. How could the Americans ever hope defeat the mighty British Empire in a military conflict? Perhaps an even better question to ask is, How did the mighty British Empire ever expect to vanquish the Americans? Major Battles of the American Revolution Date Battle American Commander (s) British Commander April 19, 1775 Lexington-Concord Capt. John Parker Lt. Col. Francis Smith June 17, 1775 Bunker (Breed's) Hill Gen. Israel Putnam and Col. William Prescott Gen. William Howe Dec. 31, 1775 Quebec Gen. Richard Montgomery Gen. Guy Carleton Aug. 27, 1776 Long Island Gen. George Washington Gen. William Howe Oct. 26, 1776 White Plains Gen. George Washington Gen. William Howe Dec. 26, 1776 Trenton Gen. George Washington Col. Johann Rall Sept. 11, 1777 Brandywine Gen. George Washington Gen. William Howe Sept. 19, 1777 Saratoga (Freeman's Farm) Gen. Horatio Gates Gen. John Burgoyne Oct. 4, 1777 Germantown Gen. George Washington Gen. William Howe Oct. 7, 1777 Saratoga Gen. Horatio Gates Gen. John Burgoyne Dec. 5, 1777 White Marsh Gen. George Washington Gen. William Howe June 8, 1778 Monmouth Courthouse Gen. George Washington Gen. Henry Clinton Sept. 16, 1779 Siege of Savannah Gen. Benjamin Lincoln Gen. Augustine Prevost March 29, 1780 Siege of Charlestown Gen. Benjamin Lincoln Gen. Henry Clinton Sept. 28, 1781 Siege of Yorktown Gen. George Washington and Gen. Rochambeau Gen. Charles Cornwallis
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D1551606	Cancer Statistics 2014: Death rates continue to drop	Science News from research organizations Cancer Statistics 2014: Death rates continue to drop Date: January 7, 2014Source: American Cancer Society Summary: An American Cancer Society report finds steady declines in cancer death rates for the past two decades add up to a 20 percent drop in the overall risk of dying from cancer over that time period. Progress has been most rapid for middle-aged black men. Nevertheless, black men still have the highest cancer incidence and death rates among all ethnicities in the US. Share: FULL STORYThe American Cancer Society finds steady declines in cancer death rates for the past two decades add up to a 20 percent drop in the overall risk of dying from cancer over that time period. Progress has been most rapid for middle-aged black men, among whom death rates have declined by approximately 50 percent. Credit: © mybaitshop / Fotolia The annual cancer statistics report from the American Cancer Society finds steady declines in cancer death rates for the past two decades add up to a 20 percent drop in the overall risk of dying from cancer over that time period. The report, Cancer Statistics 2014, finds progress has been most rapid for middle-aged black men, among whom death rates have declined by approximately 50 percent. Despite this substantial progress, black men continue to have the highest cancer incidence and death rates among all ethnicities in the U. S.-about double those of Asian Americans, who have the lowest rates. Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival based on incidence data from the National Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. The data are disseminated in two reports, Cancer Statistics, published in CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, and its companion article, Cancer Facts & Figures. This year's report estimates there will be 1,665,540 new cancer cases and 585,720 cancer deaths in the United States in 2014. Among men, prostate, lung, and colon cancer will account for about half of all newly diagnosed cancers, with prostate cancer alone accounting for about one in four cases. Among women, the three most common cancers in 2014 will be breast, lung, and colon, which together will account for half of all cases. Breast cancer alone is expected to account for 29% of all new cancers among women. The estimated 585,720 deaths from cancer in 2014 correspond to about 1,600 deaths per day. Lung, colon, prostate, and breast cancers continue to be the most common causes of cancer death, accounting for almost half of the total cancer deaths among men and women. Just over one in four cancer deaths is due to lung cancer. During the most recent five years for which there are data (2006-2010), cancer incidence rates declined slightly in men (by 0.6% per year) and were stable in women, while cancer death rates decreased by 1.8% per year in men and by 1.4% per year in women. The combined cancer death rate has been continuously declining for two decades, from a peak of 215.1 per 100,000 in 1991 to 171.8 per 100,000 in 2010. This 20 percent decline translates to the avoidance of approximately 1,340,400 cancer deaths (952,700 among men and 387,700 among women) during this time period. The magnitude of the decline in cancer death rates from 1991 to 2010 varies substantially by age, race, and sex, ranging from no decline among white women aged 80 years and older to a 55% decline among black men aged 40 years to 49 years. Notably, black men experienced the largest drop within every 10-year age group. "The progress we are seeing is good, even remarkable, but we can and must do even better," said John R. Seffrin, Ph D, chief executive officer of the American Cancer Society. "The halving of the risk of cancer death among middle aged black men in just two decades is extraordinary, but it is immediately tempered by the knowledge that death rates are still higher among black men than white men for nearly every major cancer and for all cancers combined. "Story Source: Materials provided by American Cancer Society. Original written by Stacy Simon. Note: Content may be edited for style and length. Journal Reference: Rebecca Siegel, Jiemin Ma, Zhaohui Zou, Ahmedin Jemal. Cancer Statistics, 2014. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 2014; DOI: 10.3322/caac.21208Cite This Page: MLA APA Chicago American Cancer Society. "Cancer Statistics 2014: Death rates continue to drop." Science Daily. Science Daily, 7 January 2014. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140107102634.htm>. 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