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time(millisecond)
int64
datetime(utc)
string
latitude
float64
longitude
float64
height_above_takeoff(feet)
float64
height_above_ground_at_drone_location(feet)
string
ground_elevation_at_drone_location(feet)
string
altitude_above_seaLevel(feet)
float64
height_sonar(feet)
float64
speed(mph)
float64
distance(feet)
float64
mileage(feet)
float64
satellites
int64
gpslevel
int64
voltage(v)
float64
max_altitude(feet)
float64
max_ascent(feet)
float64
max_speed(mph)
float64
max_distance(feet)
float64
xSpeed(mph)
float64
ySpeed(mph)
float64
zSpeed(mph)
float64
compass_heading(degrees)
float64
pitch(degrees)
float64
roll(degrees)
float64
isPhoto
int64
isVideo
int64
rc_elevator
int64
rc_aileron
int64
rc_throttle
int64
rc_rudder
int64
rc_elevator(percent)
int64
rc_aileron(percent)
int64
rc_throttle(percent)
int64
rc_rudder(percent)
int64
gimbal_heading(degrees)
float64
gimbal_pitch(degrees)
float64
gimbal_roll(degrees)
int64
battery_percent
int64
voltageCell1
float64
voltageCell2
float64
voltageCell3
float64
voltageCell4
int64
voltageCell5
int64
voltageCell6
int64
current(A)
float64
battery_temperature(f)
float64
altitude(feet)
float64
ascent(feet)
float64
flycStateRaw
int64
flycState
string
message
string
0
2023-01-18 09:47:03
0.349825
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Available with any HD 360 subscription
Available with any HD 360 subscription
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Setting new Return-To-Home altitude to 45m (148 ft). Data Recorder File Index is 75. Setting new Maximum Flight Altitude to 70m (230 ft)
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2023-01-18 09:47:03
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2023-01-18 09:47:04
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2023-01-18 09:47:04
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2023-01-18 09:47:04
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2023-01-18 09:47:04
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2023-01-18 09:47:04
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2023-01-18 09:47:04
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2023-01-18 09:47:05
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2023-01-18 09:47:05
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2023-01-18 09:47:05
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2023-01-18 09:47:05
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2023-01-18 09:47:05
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2023-01-18 09:47:05
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2023-01-18 09:47:05
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2023-01-18 09:47:05
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2023-01-18 09:47:05
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2023-01-18 09:47:06
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2023-01-18 09:47:06
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Assisted_Takeoff
null
3,200
2023-01-18 09:47:06
0.349824
36.879798
0
null
null
5,821.801319
0.328084
0
0.10425
0.33249
27
5
12.368
5,821.801319
0
0
0.127436
0
0
0
72.2
2.3
0.8
0
1
1,024
1,024
1,071
1,024
0
0
7
0
72.1
0
0
100
4.129
4.13
4.117
0
0
0
3.379
93.38
5,821.801319
0
10
Assisted_Takeoff
null
3,300
2023-01-18 09:47:06
0.349824
36.879798
0
null
null
5,821.801319
0.328084
0
0.105971
0.334337
27
5
12.375
5,821.801319
0
0
0.127436
0
0
0
72.2
2.3
0.8
0
1
1,024
1,024
1,090
1,024
0
0
10
0
72.1
0
0
100
4.129
4.13
4.116
0
0
0
2.286
93.38
5,821.801319
0
10
Assisted_Takeoff
null
3,400
2023-01-18 09:47:07
0.349824
36.879798
0
null
null
5,821.801319
0.328084
0
0.117953
0.391959
27
5
12.375
5,821.801319
0
0
0.127436
0
0
0
72.2
2.3
0.8
0
1
1,024
1,024
1,092
1,024
0
0
10
0
72.1
0
0
100
4.129
4.13
4.116
0
0
0
2.286
93.38
5,821.801319
0
10
Assisted_Takeoff
null
3,500
2023-01-18 09:47:07
0.349824
36.879798
0
null
null
5,821.801319
0.328084
0
0.12131
0.396591
27
5
12.375
5,821.801319
0
0
0.127436
0
0
0
72.2
2.3
0.8
0
1
1,024
1,024
1,119
1,024
0
0
14
0
72.1
0
0
100
4.129
4.13
4.116
0
0
0
2.286
93.38
5,821.801319
0
10
Assisted_Takeoff
null
3,600
2023-01-18 09:47:07
0.349824
36.879798
0
null
null
5,821.801319
0.328084
0
0.166587
0.450997
27
5
12.375
5,821.801319
0
0
0.166587
0
0
0
72.2
2.2
0.8
0
1
1,024
1,024
1,226
1,024
0
0
31
0
72.1
0
0
100
4.129
4.13
4.116
0
0
0
2.286
93.38
5,821.801319
0
10
Assisted_Takeoff
null
3,700
2023-01-18 09:47:07
0.349824
36.879798
0
null
null
5,821.801319
0.328084
0
0.173667
0.458192
27
5
12.375
5,821.801319
0
0
0.173667
0
0
0
72.1
2.1
0.8
0
1
1,024
1,024
1,379
1,060
0
0
54
5
72.1
0
0
100
4.129
4.13
4.116
0
0
0
2.286
93.38
5,821.801319
0
10
Assisted_Takeoff
null
3,800
2023-01-18 09:47:07
0.349824
36.879798
0
null
null
5,821.801319
0.328084
0
0.16465
0.467825
27
5
12.375
5,821.801319
0
0
0.173667
0
0
0
71.5
1.5
0.8
0
1
1,024
1,024
1,483
1,035
0
0
70
2
71.9
0
0
100
4.129
4.13
4.116
0
0
0
2.286
93.38
5,821.801319
0
10
Assisted_Takeoff
null
3,900
2023-01-18 09:47:07
0.349824
36.879798
0
null
null
5,821.801319
0.328084
0
0.17913
0.482789
27
5
12.375
5,821.801319
0
0
0.17913
0
0
0
70.2
-1.3
0.7
0
1
1,024
1,024
1,639
1,024
0
0
93
0
71.1
0
0
100
4.129
4.13
4.116
0
0
0
2.286
93.38
5,821.801319
0
10
Assisted_Takeoff
null
4,000
2023-01-18 09:47:07
0.349824
36.879798
0
null
null
5,821.801319
0.328084
0
0.168943
0.503655
27
5
12.375
5,821.801319
0
0
0.17913
0
0
0
70.6
-3.4
0.7
0
1
1,024
1,024
1,684
1,024
0
0
100
0
70.7
0
0
100
4.129
4.13
4.116
0
0
0
2.286
93.38
5,821.801319
0
10
Assisted_Takeoff
null
4,100
2023-01-18 09:47:07
0.349824
36.879798
0
null
null
5,821.801319
0.328084
0.223694
0.172534
0.537156
27
5
12.375
5,821.801319
0
0.223694
0.17913
0
0.223694
-0.223694
69.8
-3.7
1.1
0
1
1,024
1,024
1,684
1,024
0
0
100
0
70.6
0
0
100
4.129
4.13
4.116
0
0
0
2.286
93.38
5,821.801319
0
10
Assisted_Takeoff
null
4,200
2023-01-18 09:47:07
0.349824
36.879798
0
null
null
5,821.801319
0.328084
0.223694
0.191105
0.595062
27
5
12.375
5,821.801319
0
0.223694
0.191105
0
0.223694
-0.894776
69.7
0.3
-0.7
0
1
1,024
1,024
1,684
1,024
0
0
100
0
70.6
0
0
100
4.129
4.13
4.116
0
0
0
2.286
93.38
5,821.801319
0
6
P-GPS
null
4,300
2023-01-18 09:47:07
0.349824
36.879798
0.328084
null
null
5,822.129403
0.328084
0.313172
0.243313
0.655302
27
5
12.328
5,822.129403
0.328084
0.313172
0.243313
-0.223694
0.223694
-1.789552
69.4
1.6
-1.3
0
1
1,024
1,024
1,684
1,097
0
0
100
11
70.6
0
0
100
4.072
4.068
4.049
0
0
0
3.039
93.38
5,822.129403
0.328084
6
P-GPS
null
4,400
2023-01-18 09:47:08
0.349824
36.879798
0.328084
null
null
5,822.129403
0.328084
0.447388
0.325056
0.747162
27
5
12.328
5,822.129403
0.328084
0.447388
0.325056
-0.447388
0
-2.460634
69.5
0.3
-1.3
0
1
1,024
1,024
1,684
1,180
0
0
100
24
70.6
0
0
100
4.072
4.068
4.049
0
0
0
3.039
93.38
5,822.129403
0.328084
6
P-GPS
null
4,500
2023-01-18 09:47:08
0.349823
36.879798
0.984252
null
null
5,822.785571
0.328084
0.447388
0.40395
0.830112
27
5
12.328
5,822.785571
0.984252
0.447388
0.40395
-0.447388
0
-3.131716
70.1
-1.3
-2.1
0
1
1,024
1,024
1,684
1,154
0
0
100
20
71
0
0
100
4.072
4.068
4.049
0
0
0
3.039
93.38
5,822.785571
0.984252
6
P-GPS
null
4,600
2023-01-18 09:47:08
0.349823
36.879798
1.312336
null
null
5,823.113655
1.64042
0.447388
0.438858
0.925322
27
5
12.328
5,823.113655
1.312336
0.447388
0.438858
-0.447388
0
-4.026492
70.7
-2.5
-3.3
0
1
1,024
1,024
1,684
1,111
0
0
100
13
71.6
0
0
100
4.072
4.068
4.049
0
0
0
3.039
93.38
5,823.113655
1.312336
6
P-GPS
null
4,700
2023-01-18 09:47:08
0.349823
36.879798
2.296588
null
null
5,824.097907
2.296588
0.447388
0.535577
1.02606
27
5
12.328
5,824.097907
2.296588
0.447388
0.535577
-0.447388
0
-4.921268
71.1
-2.6
-4.3
0
1
1,024
1,024
1,684
1,087
0
0
100
10
72.2
0
0
100
4.072
4.068
4.049
0
0
0
3.039
93.38
5,824.097907
2.296588
6
P-GPS
null
4,800
2023-01-18 09:47:08
0.349823
36.879798
2.952756
null
null
5,824.754075
3.28084
0.447388
0.590807
1.108107
27
5
12.328
5,824.754075
2.952756
0.447388
0.590807
-0.447388
0
-6.039738
71.7
-3.6
-4.4
0
1
1,024
1,024
1,684
1,048
0
0
100
4
72.6
0
0
100
4.072
4.068
4.049
0
0
0
3.039
93.38
5,824.754075
2.952756
6
P-GPS
null
4,900
2023-01-18 09:47:08
0.349823
36.879798
3.937008
null
null
5,825.738327
4.265092
0.447388
0.670984
1.195161
27
5
12.328
5,825.738327
3.937008
0.447388
0.670984
-0.447388
0
-6.934514
72.3
-4.8
-4.9
0
1
1,024
1,024
1,684
1,024
0
0
100
0
72.9
0
0
100
4.072
4.068
4.049
0
0
0
3.039
93.38
5,825.738327
3.937008
6
P-GPS
null
5,000
2023-01-18 09:47:08
0.349823
36.879798
4.92126
null
null
5,826.722579
5.249344
0.447388
0.697415
1.248963
27
5
12.328
5,826.722579
4.92126
0.447388
0.697415
-0.447388
0
-8.052984
72.4
-3.5
-4.7
0
1
1,024
1,024
1,684
1,024
0
0
100
0
73.1
0
0
100
4.072
4.068
4.049
0
0
0
3.039
93.38
5,826.722579
4.92126
6
P-GPS
null
5,100
2023-01-18 09:47:08
0.349822
36.879798
6.233596
null
null
5,828.034915
6.56168
0.447388
0.749803
1.304567
27
5
12.328
5,828.034915
6.233596
0.447388
0.749803
-0.223694
0
-8.94776
72.6
-3.9
-4.6
0
1
1,024
1,024
1,684
1,024
0
0
100
0
73.1
0
0
100
4.072
4.068
4.049
0
0
0
3.039
93.38
5,828.034915
6.233596
6
P-GPS
null
5,200
2023-01-18 09:47:08
0.349822
36.879798
7.545932
null
null
5,829.347251
8.2021
0.223694
0.874124
1.430085
27
5
12.328
5,829.347251
7.545932
0.447388
0.874124
-0.223694
0
-9.842536
72.5
-3.1
-5.5
0
1
1,024
1,024
1,684
1,024
0
0
100
0
73.1
0
0
100
4.072
4.068
4.049
0
0
0
3.039
93.38
5,829.347251
7.545932
6
P-GPS
null
5,300
2023-01-18 09:47:08
0.349822
36.879798
9.186352
null
null
5,830.987671
9.514436
0.223694
0.917051
1.475879
27
5
12.032
5,830.987671
9.186352
0.447388
0.917051
-0.223694
0
-10.737312
72.6
-2.5
-4.9
0
1
1,024
1,024
1,684
1,024
0
0
100
0
73.1
0
0
100
3.982
3.978
3.961
0
0
0
10.31
93.38
5,830.987671
9.186352
6
P-GPS
null
5,400
2023-01-18 09:47:09
0.349822
36.879798
10.826772
null
null
5,832.628091
11.48294
0.223694
1.050085
1.609255
27
5
12.032
5,832.628091
10.826772
0.447388
1.050085
-0.223694
0
-11.632088
72.6
-3.9
-4.2
0
1
1,024
1,024
1,684
1,024
0
0
100
0
73.1
0
0
100
3.982
3.978
3.961
0
0
0
10.31
93.38
5,832.628091
10.826772
6
P-GPS
null
5,500
2023-01-18 09:47:09
0.349822
36.879798
12.795276
null
null
5,834.596595
13.12336
0.223694
1.096299
1.660112
27
5
12.032
5,834.596595
12.795276
0.447388
1.096299
-0.223694
0
-12.750558
72.5
-3.2
-4.7
0
1
1,024
1,024
1,684
1,024
0
0
100
0
73.1
0
0
100
3.982
3.978
3.961
0
0
0
10.31
93.38
5,834.596595
12.795276
6
P-GPS
Home Point updated. RTH altitude adjusted to 45 m (Code: 120852)
5,600
2023-01-18 09:47:09
0.349821
36.879797
14.435696
null
null
5,836.237015
15.091864
0.313172
1.18753
1.756161
27
5
12.032
5,836.237015
14.435696
0.447388
1.18753
-0.223694
-0.223694
-13.42164
72.9
-4.1
-5.4
0
1
1,024
1,024
1,684
1,024
0
0
100
0
73.1
0
0
100
3.982
3.978
3.961
0
0
0
10.31
93.38
5,836.237015
14.435696
6
P-GPS
null
5,700
2023-01-18 09:47:09
0.349821
36.879797
16.732284
null
null
5,838.533603
17.060368
0.313172
1.246837
1.824177
27
5
12.032
5,838.533603
16.732284
0.447388
1.246837
-0.223694
-0.223694
-13.645334
72.9
-5
-4.8
0
1
1,024
1,024
1,684
1,024
0
0
100
0
73.1
0
0
100
3.982
3.978
3.961
0
0
0
10.31
93.38
5,838.533603
16.732284
6
P-GPS
null
5,800
2023-01-18 09:47:09
0.349821
36.879797
18.700788
null
null
5,840.502107
19.356956
0.313172
1.275381
1.864971
27
5
12.032
5,840.502107
18.700788
0.447388
1.275381
-0.223694
-0.223694
-14.092722
73.3
-7
-5.3
0
1
1,024
1,024
1,684
1,024
0
0
100
0
73.1
0
0
100
3.982
3.978
3.961
0
0
0
10.31
93.38
5,840.502107
18.700788
6
P-GPS
null
5,900
2023-01-18 09:47:09
0.349821
36.879797
20.669292
null
null
5,842.470611
21.32546
0.447388
1.34875
1.940295
27
5
12.032
5,842.470611
20.669292
0.447388
1.34875
-0.447388
0
-14.092722
73.3
-6.9
-7.7
0
1
1,024
1,024
1,684
1,024
0
0
100
0
73.1
0
0
100
3.982
3.978
3.961
0
0
0
10.31
93.38
5,842.470611
20.669292
6
P-GPS
null
6,000
2023-01-18 09:47:09
0.349821
36.879797
22.637796
null
null
5,844.439115
23.622048
0.223694
1.368333
1.97415
27
5
12.032
5,844.439115
22.637796
0.447388
1.368333
-0.223694
0
-13.869028
73.2
-4.6
-8
0
1
1,024
1,024
1,684
1,024
0
0
100
0
73.1
0
0
100
3.982
3.978
3.961
0
0
0
10.31
93.38
5,844.439115
22.637796
6
P-GPS
null
6,100
2023-01-18 09:47:09
0.349821
36.879797
24.934384
null
null
5,846.735703
25.590552
0.223694
1.422346
2.028291
27
5
12.032
5,846.735703
24.934384
0.447388
1.422346
-0.223694
0
-13.645334
73.1
-5.6
-7.5
0
1
1,024
1,024
1,684
1,024
0
0
100
0
73.1
0
0
100
3.982
3.978
3.961
0
0
0
10.31
93.38
5,846.735703
24.934384
6
P-GPS
null
6,200
2023-01-18 09:47:09
0.349821
36.879797
26.902888
null
null
5,848.704207
27.559056
0.223694
1.441982
2.099308
27
5
12.032
5,848.704207
26.902888
0.447388
1.441982
-0.223694
0
-13.42164
72.8
-5.4
-8.8
0
1
1,024
1,024
1,684
1,024
0
0
100
0
73.1
0
0
100
3.982
3.978
3.961
0
0
0
10.31
93.38
5,848.704207
26.902888
6
P-GPS
null
6,300
2023-01-18 09:47:09
0.349821
36.879797
28.871392
null
null
5,850.672711
29.855644
0.223694
1.48875
2.147356
27
5
11.9
5,850.672711
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2023-01-18 09:47:10
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2023-01-18 09:47:11
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2023-01-18 09:47:11
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2023-01-18 09:47:11
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2023-01-18 09:47:11
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2023-01-18 09:47:11
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End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

Dataset Card for KABR Worked Examples

This dataset is comprised of manually annotated bounding box detections, mini-scenes, behavior annotations, and associated telemetry for three drone video sessions that were used for kabr-tools case studies. Drone video was collected at Mpala Research Centre in January 2023; please see the full video dataset for more information on original video context.

Dataset Details

Annotations were created to evaluate the kabr-tools pipeline and conduct case studies on Grevy's landscape of fear and inter-species spatial distribution. Annotations include manual detections and tracks, mini-scenes cut from source videos, behavior annotations from an X3D action recognition model, and associated drone telemetry data. The detections contain bounding box coordinates, image file names, and class labels for each annotated animal. Annotations were created using CVAT to manually draw bounding boxes around animals in a selection of raw drone videos. The annotations were then exported as xml files and used to create the provided mini-scenes. The KABR X3D model was used to label the mini-scenes with predicted behaviors. Telemetry data was exported from Airdata.

Session Summary

Session Date Collected Demographic Information and Habitat Video File IDs in Session Session Source Videos (link)
ex-1 2023-01-18 2 Adult male Grevy's zebras in an open plain DJI_0068, DJI_0069, DJI_0070, DJI_0071 imageomics/KABR-raw-videos/18_01_2023_session_7/
ex-2 2023-01-20 5 Grevy's zebras in a semi-open habitat along a roadway DJI_0142, DJI_0143, DJI_0144, DJI_0145, DJI_0146, DJI_0147 imageomics/KABR-raw-videos/20_01_2023_session_3/
ex-3 2023-01-21 Mixed herd of 3 reticulated giraffes, 2 plains zebras and 11 Grevy's zebras in a closed habitat with dense vegetation near Mo Kenya DJI_0206, DJI_0208, DJI_0210, DJI_0211 imageomics/KABR-raw-videos/21_01_2023_session_5/

Note: Session numbers (as used in identifiers) are based on all KABR video sessions, while we focus in this dataset on Sessions 7, 5, and 3, which we label as Sessions ex-1, ex-2, and ex-3, respectively.

Dataset Structure


├── behavior/
│   ├── 18_01_2023_session_7-DJI_0068.csv
│   ├── 18_01_2023_session_7-DJI_0069.csv
│   ├── ...
│   ├── 21_01_2023_session_5-DJI_0211.csv
│   └── 21_01_2023_session_5-DJI_0212.csv
├── detections/
│   ├── 18_01_2023_session_7-DJI_0068.xml
│   ├── 18_01_2023_session_7-DJI_0069.xml
│   ├── ...
│   ├── 21_01_2023_session_5-DJI_0211.xml
│   └── 21_01_2023_session_5-DJI_0212.xml
├── mini_scenes/
│   ├── 18_01_2023_session_7-DJI_0068/
│   │   ├── 0.mp4
│   │   ├── 1.mp4
│   │   └── metadata/
│   │       ├── DJI_0068.jpg
│   │       ├── DJI_0068_metadata.json
│   │       └── DJI_0068_tracks.xml
│   ├── 18_01_2023_session_7-DJI_0069/
│   │   ├── 0.mp4
│   │   ├── 1.mp4
│   │   └── metadata/
│   │       ├── DJI_0069.jpg
│   │       ├── DJI_0069_metadata.json
│   │       └── DJI_0069_tracks.xml
│   ├── ...
│   ├── 21_01_2023_session_5-DJI_0211/
│   │   ├── 0.mp4
│   │   ├── ...
│   │   ├── 33.mp4
│   │   └── metadata/
│   │       ├── DJI_0211.jpg
│   │       ├── DJI_0211_metadata.json
│   │       └── DJI_0211_tracks.xml
│   └── 21_01_2023_session_5-DJI_0212/
│       ├── 0.mp4
│       ├── 10.mp4
│       ├── 11.mp4
│       ├── 12.mp4
│       ├── 13.mp4
│       ├── 14.mp4
│       ├── 1.mp4
│       ├── 2.mp4
│       ├── 3.mp4
│       ├── 4.mp4
│       ├── 5.mp4
│       ├── 6.mp4
│       ├── 7.mp4
│       ├── 8.mp4
│       ├── 9.mp4
│       └── metadata/
│           ├── DJI_0212.jpg
│           ├── DJI_0212_metadata.json
│           └── DJI_0212_tracks.xml
├── README.md
└── telemetry/
    ├── 18_01_2023-session_7-Flight_Airdata.csv
    ├── 20_01_2023-session_3-Flight_Airdata.csv
    └── 21_01_2023-session_5-Flight_Airdata.csv

Note: Each video has an associated video_id, which is defined as <DD>_01_2023_session_<session-number>-DJI_<video-number> (ex: 21_01_2023_session_5-DJI_0212). This ID is used to identify and link all (meta)data associated with that video.

What each file/folder is for

Path / Pattern Purpose
behavior/<video_id>.csv Per-video roll-ups of X3D behavior predictions. CSV containing one row per mini-scene clip with label + references (video, track, frame).
detections/<video_id>.xml Manual detections/tracks per source video (CVAT “tracks” XML). One <track> per animal across frames; used to cut mini-scenes.
mini_scenes/<video_id>/DJI_XXXX.mp4 The source video referenced by detections for that <video_id>.
mini_scenes/<video_id>/<k>.mp4 Mini-scenes (short clips) cut from the source video based on detection tracks (0.mp4, 1.mp4, …).
mini_scenes/<video_id>/metadata/DJI_XXXX_tracks.xml Copy of the CVAT tracks used to generate the mini-scenes (provenance).
mini_scenes/<video_id>/metadata/DJI_XXXX_metadata.json Video-level metadata (session/date, FPS, resolution, timing, etc.).
mini_scenes/<video_id>/metadata/DJI_XXXX.jpg Thumbnail/keyframe for quick preview.
mini_scenes/<video_id>/actions/ Per-clip auto behavior labels from the X3D action model (CSV or JSON; presence varies by video).
telemetry/<DD>_01_2023-session_<session-number>-Flight_Airdata.csv Drone flight logs (Airdata export) for the corresponding sessions (timing, altitude, battery, etc.).
README.md Repository-level notes and usage tips.

Data instances

  • Detection instance (XML): one <track> spans all frames of a video; each <box> is a frame-level bounding box with coordinates and flags.
  • Mini-scene instance (MP4): a short clip indexed by file name (k.mp4) under mini_scenes/<video_id>/.
  • Behavior instance (CSV row): one mini-scene with X3D-predicted behavior and references to the clip (plus optional confidence/timing).
  • Telemetry instance (CSV row): one flight-log record from Airdata with timestamped vehicle context.

Data fields

A. Detections (CVAT “tracks” XML)

Element / Attribute Type Example Meaning
/annotations/version string 1.1 Annotation file (XML) version.
/annotations/track@id integer 0 Unique id for a tracked object within the video.
/annotations/track@label string Grevy Class/species label.
/annotations/track@source string manual How the annotation was created. These are all manual.
/annotations/track/box@frame int (0-based) 0,1,2,… Frame index.
/annotations/track/box@outside enum {0,1} 0 0 present; 1 not visible.
/annotations/track/box@occluded enum {0,1} 0 Occlusion flag (1 indicates the subject is occluded).
/annotations/track/box@keyframe enum {0,1} 1 Keyframe marker. Every 10th frame is considered a "keyframe" (CVAT default setting).
/annotations/track/box@xtl float (px) 2342.00 X coordinate of top-left corner.
/annotations/track/box@ytl float (px) 2427.00 Y coordinate of top-left corner.
/annotations/track/box@xbr float (px) 2530.00 X coordinate of bottom-right corner.
/annotations/track/box@ybr float (px) 2623.00 Y coordinate of bottom-right corner.
/annotations/track/box@z_order integer 0 Drawing order.

B. Behavior CSV (auto labels; one file per source video)

Note: Column names may vary slightly by export; use the header in each CSV as ground truth.

Column (typical) Example Meaning
clip_path or clip_id mini_scenes/21_01_2023_session_5-DJI_0208/33.mp4 Relative path to the mini-scene clip.
source_video DJI_0208.mp4 Name of the parent/source video.
video_id 21_01_2023_session_5-DJI_0208 Folder/video identifier. This ID is used to identify and link all (meta)data associated with that source video.
clip_index 33 Index of the clip within the video folder.
behavior walking X3D-predicted action/behavior label.
confidence 0.92 Model confidence/probability (if provided).
start_frame 1234 First frame of the segment (if provided).
end_frame 1450 Last frame of the segment (if provided).
start_time 00:00:41.2 Segment start time (if provided).
end_time 00:00:48.8 Segment end time (if provided).
species Grevy Species label (if propagated/available). Only three potential labels: Grevy, Plain Zebra, or Giraffe.
notes Free-text notes or flags (optional).
model x3d Model identifier used to label.
model_version x3d_m Specific checkpoint/version tag (optional).

C. Mini-scene metadata JSON (per source video)

Typical keys (presence may vary):

Key Example Meaning
video_id 21_01_2023_session_5-DJI_0208 Folder/video identifier. This ID is used to identify and link all (meta)data associated with that source video.
source_video DJI_0208.mp4 Original MP4 filename.
session_date 2023-01-21 Capture date (YYYY-MM-DD).
session_id session_5 Field session tag.
fps 29.97 Frames per second of recording.
resolution [3840, 2160] Width × height (px) (in list format).
duration_s 123.45 Video duration (seconds).
timezone Africa/Nairobi Local timezone of recording (UTC+3).
generator mini_scene_cutter@<git-sha> Tool/commit that wrote the metadata.
tracks_xml DJI_0208_tracks.xml Provenance link to the CVAT tracks file.

D. Telemetry CSV (Airdata export)

Columns depend on Airdata export settings; common fields include:

Column (common) Example Meaning
UTC Timestamp 2023-01-21 12:49:07 Log timestamp (UTC).
Latitude , Longitude 0.28123, 37.12345 Aircraft location in decimal degrees.
Altitude (m) 68.2 Altitude (meters) above takeoff or MSL (per export).
AGL (m) 47.9 Above-ground level (in meters, if provided).
Speed (m/s) 9.4 Horizontal speed (meters per second).
Heading (deg) 135 Yaw/heading.
Battery (%) 54 Remaining battery percentage.
FlyState P-GPS This indicates high-level drone status, such as Motors_Started, Assisted_Takeoff, P-GPS (positioning-gps mode), Landing.
Distance (m) 122.5 Distance from home point (in meters). Specifically, Distance = current GPS - home point GPS.

Dataset Creation

Curation Rationale

Created to evaluate kabr-tools pipeline and conduct case studies on Grevy's landscape of fear and inter-species spatial distribution.

Source Data

Data Collection and Processing

Data collected at Mpala Research Centre, Kenya, in January 2023. The data was collected using a DJI Air 2S drone and manually annotated using CVAT. The annotations were exported as XML files.

Who are the source data producers?

Imageomics/KABR-raw-videos dataset authors.

Annotations

Annotation process

A local instance of CVAT was used to manually annotate the bounding boxes around animals in the videos. The annotations were then exported as XML files to create mini-scenes using tracks_extractor.py. The mini-scenes were then labeled with predicted behaviors using the KABR X3D action recognition model using the miniscene2behavior.py.

Who are the annotators?

Alison Zhong and Jenna Kline

Personal and Sensitive Information

Videos were trimmed (as needed) to remove people before annotation. Endangered species are included in the dataset, but no personal or sensitive information is included.

Considerations for Using the Data

Intended Use Cases

This dataset serves as a worked example for the kabr-tools pipeline and is specifically designed for:

  • Pipeline demonstration: Showing complete end-to-end processing from raw videos to behavioral annotations.
  • Method validation: Evaluating automated detection and behavior recognition against manual annotations.
  • Case study research: Supporting specific research questions on Grevy's zebra landscape of fear and inter-species spatial distribution.
  • Educational purposes: Teaching researchers how to use the kabr-tools pipeline with real data.
  • Reproducibility: Providing a reference implementation with known inputs and outputs.

Important Data Considerations

Limited scope: This is a demonstration dataset with only 3 sessions and 15 video files, designed to illustrate methodology rather than provide comprehensive coverage.

Session heterogeneity: Each example session represents distinctly different scenarios:

  • Session ex-1: Minimal complexity (2 male Grevy's zebras, open habitat)
  • Session ex-2: Moderate complexity (5 Grevy's zebras, semi-open roadway habitat)
  • Session ex-3: High complexity (mixed species, dense vegetation, 16 total animals)

Processing completeness: Not all videos have complete processing outputs - some lack actions/ folders, reflecting real-world pipeline execution variability.

Annotation methodology: Manual detections serve as ground truth, while behavior labels are X3D model predictions, not expert-validated behaviors.

Bias, Risks, and Limitations

Sample size limitations:

  • Only 15 video files across 3 sessions
  • Insufficient for statistical generalization
  • Designed for demonstration, not comprehensive analysis

Species representation bias:

  • Heavily weighted toward Grevy's zebras (endangered species focus)
  • Giraffes only present in one session (Session ex-3)
  • Plains zebras only in mixed-species context
  • May not represent typical behavioral patterns for each species

Habitat and temporal constraints:

  • Single location (Mpala Research Centre, Kenya)
  • 3-day collection window (January 18-21, 2023)
  • Limited environmental and seasonal variability
  • Habitat types may not represent species' full range

Technical processing limitations:

  • X3D behavior predictions are automated, not expert-validated
  • Mini-scene extraction dependent on manual annotation quality
  • Telemetry synchronization with video timestamps may require adjustment
  • Some videos lack complete behavioral annotation outputs

Methodological constraints:

  • Manual annotations by only 2 annotators (potential inter-annotator variability)
  • CVAT tracking may have limitations in dense vegetation (Session ex-3)
  • Behavior model trained on different dataset, may not generalize perfectly

Recommendations

For pipeline evaluation and development:

  • Use manual detections in detections/*.xml as ground truth for automated detection validation
  • Compare processing outputs across sessions to understand pipeline performance in different scenarios
  • Use Session ex-1 (simple) for initial testing, Session ex-3 (complex) for stress testing
  • Validate timestamp alignment between telemetry and video data before spatial analysis

For case study research:

  • Landscape of fear studies: Focus on Grevy's zebra data from Sessions ex-1 and ex-2; use telemetry data to correlate spatial position with behaviors
  • Inter-species analysis: Use Session ex-3 mixed-species data; consider habitat complexity when interpreting interactions
  • Account for small sample sizes in statistical analyses and interpretation

For educational use:

  • Start with Session ex-1 data for learning pipeline basics
  • Progress through sessions in order of increasing complexity
  • Use metadata files to understand processing provenance
  • Examine both successful and incomplete processing examples

Technical recommendations:

  • Verify file completeness before analysis (not all videos have actions/ folders)
  • Check CSV headers as column names may vary between exports
  • Use metadata JSON files to understand video-specific processing parameters
  • Cross-reference telemetry timestamps with video timing for spatial-behavioral analysis

Data interpretation cautions:

  • Treat X3D behavior predictions as model outputs, not ground truth
  • Consider habitat context when interpreting behavioral patterns
  • Account for species-specific behavioral repertoires in analysis
  • Use this dataset to understand methodology, not to draw broad ecological conclusions

References

Licensing Information

This dataset is dedicated to the public domain for the benefit of scientific pursuits under the CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. We ask that you cite the dataset and related publications using the citations below if you make use of it in your research.

Citation

BibTeX:

Dataset

@misc{KABR_worked_examples,
  author = {Kline, Jenna and Zhong, Alison and Kholiavchenko, Maksim and Ramirez, Michelle and Stevens, Sam and Sheets, Alec and Babu, Reshma and Banerji, Namrata and Campolongo, Elizabeth and Thompson, Matthew and Van Tiel, Nina and Miliko, Jackson and Duporge, Isla and Rosser, Neil and Stewart, Charles and Berger-Wolf, Tanya and Rubenstein, Daniel},
  title = {{KABR} Worked Examples: Manually Annotated Detections and Behavioral Analysis for Kenyan Wildlife Pipeline Demonstration (Revision 43d7c45)},
  year = {2025},
  url = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/imageomics/kabr-worked-examples},
  publisher = {Hugging Face},
  doi = {10.57967/hf/7003}
}

Related Publications

@inproceedings{kholiavchenko2024kabr,
  title={KABR: In-Situ Dataset for Kenyan Animal Behavior Recognition from Drone Videos},
  author={Kholiavchenko, Maksim and Kline, Jenna and Ramirez, Michelle and Stevens, Sam and Sheets, Alec and Babu, Reshma and Banerji, Namrata and Campolongo, Elizabeth and Thompson, Matthew and Van Tiel, Nina and Miliko, Jackson and Bessa, Eduardo and Duporge, Isla and Berger-Wolf, Tanya and Rubenstein, Daniel and Stewart, Charles},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision},
  pages={31-40},
  year={2024}
}

kabr-tools manuscript (pre-print)

@misc{kline2025kabrtoolsautomatedframeworkmultispecies,
      title={kabr-tools: Automated Framework for Multi-Species Behavioral Monitoring}, 
      author={Jenna Kline and Maksim Kholiavchenko and Samuel Stevens and Nina van Tiel and Alison Zhong and Namrata Banerji and Alec Sheets and Sowbaranika Balasubramaniam and Isla Duporge and Matthew Thompson and Elizabeth Campolongo and Jackson Miliko and Neil Rosser and Tanya Berger-Wolf and Charles V. Stewart and Daniel I. Rubenstein},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2510.02030},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CV},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.02030}
}

Please also cite the original data source:

Contributions

This work was supported by the Imageomics Institute, which is funded by the US National Science Foundation's Harnessing the Data Revolution (HDR) program under Award #2118240 (Imageomics: A New Frontier of Biological Information Powered by Knowledge-Guided Machine Learning). Additional support was provided by the AI Institute for Intelligent Cyberinfrastructure with Computational Learning in the Environment (ICICLE), funded by the US National Science Foundation under Award #2112606.

Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

The raw data fed into the KABR tools pipeline to produce this worked example was collected at the Mpala Research Centre in Kenya, in accordance with Research License No. NACOSTI/P/22/18214. The data collection protocol adhered strictly to the guidelines set forth by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee under permission No. IACUC 1835F.

Dataset Creation Contributors

  • Data Collection: Field team at Mpala Research Centre, Kenya
  • Manual Annotations: Alison Zhong and Jenna Kline
  • Pipeline Development: kabr-tools development team
  • Behavioral Analysis: X3D model predictions using KABR-trained models
  • Data Curation: Alison Zhong and Jenna Kline
  • Quality Assurance: Imageomics Institute research team

Glossary

Mini-scene: Short video clips (typically 5-10 seconds) extracted from source videos, centered on individual animals based on tracking annotations.

Mo Kenya: A big hill to the north of Mpala.

CVAT: Computer Vision Annotation Tool - open-source software used for manual video annotation and object tracking.

X3D: 3D CNN architecture used for video-based action recognition, adapted for animal behavior classification in the KABR project. Model: Imageomics/X3D-KABR-Kinetics.

Track: A sequence of bounding boxes following a single animal across multiple video frames.

Telemetry: Flight data recorded by the drone during video capture, including GPS coordinates, altitude, speed, and battery status.

Session: A discrete data collection period, typically representing one flight or filming session on a specific date.

More Information

For detailed usage instructions and code examples, see the kabr-tools repository and associated docs.

For questions about the broader KABR project and related datasets, visit the Imageomics Institute website and see the KABR Collection.

This dataset is part of a larger effort to develop automated methods for wildlife monitoring and conservation using computer vision and machine learning techniques.

Dataset Card Authors

Jenna Kline

Dataset Card Contact

kline dot 377 at osu dot edu

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